Computers, graphics & learning

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = xi
• 1 Introduction = 1
• Overview = 1
• Objectives = 1
• Comprehension = 1
• Application = 1
• Purpose of This Book = 2
• Some Definitions = 2
• The First Principle of Instructional Graphics = 3
• The Importance of Visual Communication = 4
• Graphics in Education = 6
• Everyday Uses of Graphics and Visual Images = 8
• Why Computer Graphics? = 8
• Advancements in the Production of Computer Graphics = 14
• Questioning the Motive to Use Graphics in Instruction = 16
• Instructional Design versus Technocentric Design = 18
• Review = 22
• Notes = 22
• 2 An Overview of Graphics in Instruction = 24
• Overview = 24
• Objectives = 24
• Comprehension = 24
• Application = 24
• The Three Types of Instructional Graphics = 25
• Representational Graphics = 25
• Analogical Graphics = 27
• Arbitrary Graphics = 29
• Combining Characteristics of the Three Types of Graphics = 33
• Matching Graphics with Learning Goals = 34
• Instructional Objectives = 34
• Domains of Learning = 35
• A Guide to the Instructional Functions of Graphics = 41
• Characteristics of Successful Instruction = 41
• Five Instructional Applications of Graphics = 45
• Review = 55
• Notes = 56
• 3 Developing Instructional Computer Graphics on Microcomputers = 57
• Overview = 57
• Objectives = 57
• Comprehension = 57
• Application = 58
• Hardware Systems: Types of Computer Graphics Displays = 59
• Producing Static Computer Graphics = 60
• Overview of Graphic File Formats = 61
• Command-Based Approaches to Producing Static Computer Graphics = 63
• GUI-Based Approaches to Producing Static Computer Graphics = 70
• "Second-Hand" Computer Graphics: Clip Art, Scanning, and Digitizing = 74
• Producing Animated Computer Graphics = 77
• Command-Based Approaches to Fixed-Path Animation = 78
• GUI-Based Approaches to Fixed-Path Animation = 83
• Data-Driven Animation = 86
• The Instructional Delivery of Computer Graphics = 88
• Review = 89
• Notes = 90
• 4 Psychological Foundations of Instructional Graphics = 92
• Overview = 92
• Objectives = 92
• Comprehension = 92
• Application = 92
• Leaming Theory: A Primer = 93
• Behavioral Learning Theory = 93
• Cognitive Learning Theory = 97
• Visual Cognition = 103
• Visual Perception = 103
• Perceptual Factors Related to Animation = 105
• Memory Considerations for Visual Inforrnation = 109
• An Overview of Dual Coding Theory = 111
• Arguments Against Dual Coding Theory = 114
• Motivation = 117
• Review = 120
• Notes = 121
• 5 Review of Instructional Visual Research: Static Visuals = 122
• Overview = 122
• Objectives = 122
• Comprehension = 122
• Application = 123
• Interpreting Results of Instructional Visual Research = 124
• Overview of Static Visual Research = 127
• Distraction Effects of Pictures: Review by S. Jay Samuels, 1970 = 127
• Describing the Conditions Under Which Pictures Facilitate Learning = 129
• A Final Word = 141
• Review = 142
• Notes = 142
• 6 Review of Instructional Visual Research: Animated Visuals = 144
• Overview = 144
• Objectives = 144
• Comprehension = 144
• Application = 145
• Some Important Considerations in the Interpretation of Animation Research = 147
• Overview of an Instructional Animation Research Agenda = 148
• Leaming a Valuable Lesson Early On = 152
• Review of Animation in Computer-Based Instruction = 153
• Research on Inductive Learning = 164
• Research on Learning Incidental Information from an Animated Display = 166
• Sorrie Final Comments about Animation Research = 168
• Review = 169
• Notes = 170
• 7 Designing Graphics for Computer-Based Instruction: Basic Principles = 171
• Overview = 171
• Objectives = 171
• Comprehension = 171
• Application = 172
• Computer Graphics and Instructional Design = 172
• Traditional ISD = 174
• Rapid Prototyping = 176
• Traditional ISD versus Rapid Prototyping in the Design of Instructional Computer Graphics = 178
• Some General Graphic Principles of Software Design for Computer-Based Instruction = 183
• Screen Design = 187
• Some Basic Principles of Graphic Design = 195
• Color and Realism as Instructional Variables = 196
• Functional Design Recommendations for Instructional Computer Graphics = 198
• Cosmetic Graphics = 203
• Motivational Graphics = 204
• Attention-Gaining Graphics = 205
• Presentation Graphics = 206
• Practice = 208
• Review = 208
• Notes = 209
• 8 Designing Highly Interactive Visual Learning Environments = 210
• Overview = 210
• Objectives = 210
• Comprehension = 210
• Application = 211
• Constructivism and Its Implications for Instructional Design = 212
• Constructivism: An Overview = 214
• Influence of the Work of Jean Piaget = 216
• Microworlds = 219
• Theory into Practice: Blending Constructivism with Instructional Design = 222
• Mental Models = 222
• Simulations and Their Relationship to Microworlds = 224
• Games and Their Relationship to Microworlds and Simulations = 229
• Space Shuttle Commander: Practical Constructivism = 233
• Instructional Design Recommendations Rooted in Constructivism = 240
• Review = 246
• 9 Multimedia = 247
• Overview = 247
• Objectives = 247
• Comprehension = 247
• Application = 247
• Constr-uctivism Revisited = 248
• Multimedia = 250
• Multimedia and Hypermedia = 254
• Multimedia and Interactive Video = 255
• A Final Word = 258
• Review = 260
• Notes = 260
• Bibliography = 261
• Credits = 284
• Index = 285