Marriage in early twentieth century Northern India: Hindi literature vis-à-vis social transformations

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper explores how a changing social situation in late colonial northern India influenced issues related to marriage. The most controversial matters, also reflected in Hindi literature of the time, were: proper age at marriage, ritual concerns, marriage expenses as well as effects of child marriage and child widows. The paper draws mainly on Hindi novels by Ayodhya Singh Upadhyay and Kishorilal Goswami, published in the beginning of the twentieth century. For the most part, conservative and didactic in their outlook, they put forward interesting postulates concerning disputable matters. Some of the ideas, like reducing unnecessary wedding expenses, are worth considering even today. The analysis of literary sources also reveals the expectations of future brides and grooms. The attention paid by Hindi writers to a number of marriage practices confirms the status of marriage as one of the most important social institutions.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Forbes, G., "Women in modern India" Cambridge University Press 1996

2 Stutchbury, E. L., "Women in India and Nepal" Australian National University 21-41, 1982

3 Devi, K., "Women and social reform in modern India (Vol. 2)" Permanent Black 288-312, 2011

4 Yang, A. A., "Women and social reform in modern India (Vol. 1)" Permanent Black 21-52, 2011

5 Chakravarti, U., "Widows in India: Social neglect and public action" Sage Publications 63-92, 1998

6 Chen, M., "Widows and health in rural North India" 27 (27): WS81-WS81, 1992

7 Heimsath, C. H., "The origin and enactment of the Indian age of consent bill, 1891" 21 (21): 491-504, 1962

8 McGregor, R. S., "The novel in India: Its birth and development" George Allen and Unwin 142-178, 1970

9 Manu [Lawgiver], "The laws of Manu: With an introduction and notes" Penguin Books 1992

10 Brick, D., "The dharmaśāstric debate on widow-burning" 130 (130): 203-223, 2010

11 Sogani, R., "The Hindu widowin Indian literature" OxfordUniversity Press 2002

12 Kopf, D., "The Brahmo Samaj and the shaping of the modern Indian mind" Princeton University Press 1979

13 Gupta, C., "Sexuality, obscenity, community: Women, Muslims, and the Hindu public in colonial India" Permanent Black 2008

14 Leslie, J., "Roles and rituals for Hindu women" Motilal Banarsidass 175-191, 1992

15 Chakravarti, U., "Rewriting history: The life and times of Pandita Ramabai" Zubaan 2013

16 Atwal, J., "Revisiting Premchand: Shivrani Devi on companionship, reformism and nation" 42 (42): 1631-1637, 2007

17 Chen, M., "Recent research on widows in India : Workshop and conference report" 30 (30): 2435-2450, 1995

18 Mani, L., "Recastingwomen: Essays in colonial history" Zubaan 88-126, 2006

19 Chowdhry, P., "Recasting women: Essays in colonial history" Zubaan 93-123, 2006

20 Mukherjee, M., "Realism and reality: The novel and society in India" Oxford University Press 1985

21 Orsini, F., "Print and pleasure: Popular literature and entertaining fictions in colonial North India" Permanent Black 2009

22 Gahmari, G., "Mother-in-law and daughters-in-law" Śrīven˙kaṭeśvar 1907

23 Palriwala, R., "Marrying in South Asia: Shifting concepts, changing practices in a globalising world" Orient BlackSwan 1-27, 2014

24 Mand, K., "Marriage and migration through the life course: Experiences of widowhood, separation and divorce amongst transnational Sikh women" 12 (12): 407-425, 2005

25 Gupta, P. C., "Makers of Indian literature: Prem Chand" Sahitya Akademi 1998

26 Goswami, K., "Madhavi and Madhav, Madan and Mohini" Anubhav pablikeśan 2010

27 Prasad, K., "Large Hindi dictionary" Jñānmaṇḍal limiṭeḍ 2000

28 Ray, G., "History of Hindi novel" Rājkamal prakāśan 2009

29 Basu, M., "Hindu women and marriage law: From sacrament to contract" Oxford University Press 2004

30 Vidyasagar, I., "Hindu widow marriage" Colombia University Press 2011

31 Pandey, R., "Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-religious study of the Hindu sacraments" Motilal Banarsidass 1998

32 McGregor, R. S., "Hindi literature of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries" Harrassowitz 1974

33 Chandra, S., "Enslaved daughters: Colonialism, law and women’s rights" Oxford University Press 2004

34 Upadhyay ‘Hariaudh’, A., "Collected works of Ayodhyasingh Upadhyay ‘Hariaudh’ (volume 6)" Vāṇī prakāśan 2010

35 "C – series: Social and cultural tables [Data set]"

36 Census of India, "C – series: Social and cultural tables [Data set]"

37 Phillauri, S., "Bhagyavati" Śāradā prakāśan 2010

38 Das, S. K., "A history of Indian literature 1911–1956: Struggle for freedom: triumph and tragedy" Sahitya Akademi 1995

39 Bhattacharyya, N. N., "A glossary of Indian religious terms and concepts" Manohar 1990