It is quite suggestive to examine the experiences of several European countries, particularly the ground for the "battle of memories" centering on their national heroes. We made an attempt to trace a series of the processes in which the memories of he...
It is quite suggestive to examine the experiences of several European countries, particularly the ground for the "battle of memories" centering on their national heroes. We made an attempt to trace a series of the processes in which the memories of heroes and eminent figures had been generated, transformed, and passed down. The focus was put on the issues such as the context in which the figures of the past had been mythified and transformed into heroes and the processes in which the memories of such heroes had been distorted, manipulated, and used by the governing powers.
We analyzed the role which the memories of the heroes of the past had played in forming the identity of a nation as the so-called "imagined community" and assessed critically both its positive and negative functions. And on the basis of those efforts was re-examined the issue of how the collective memories should be used and reserved in establishing the futuristic system of values in the future.
Charlemagne: From "a Father of the Fatherland" to "a Father of Europe"
Charlemagne has taken a status of "Europe's heroe", whose nationality no one can argue over any longer. Thus he is representative of the fate of a hero who has been transformed from "a father of the fatherland" into "father of Europe". However, the case of Charlemagne clearly indicates that the representation of a hero can be reduced into an instrument serving for either the mythified political power or the blind national ideology and can be used for enhancing the fraternity and cooperaton between the nations.
De Gaulle: The Last Hero in the Masses' Era of the 20th Century.
Although at the time of the mass democracy tending to deny heroes, De Gaulle is a figure who emerged as the last hero of the 20th century who had an aura of the liberation of France from the invaders. His image as a soldier enhancing the glory of the fatherland was associated with that of Napoleon. It provoked the enthusiasm amongst the ruling class and the conservative strata of the people. At the same time his authoritarian regime was regarded by the leftist electors as a sort of red light warning the coming of authoritarianism. Nevertheless, what is of importance is the fact that De Gaulle, a head of political right wing, enjoys the widespread support by both the right and the left.
The revival of "the cult of De Gaulle" in French indicates straightfowardly both the concerns about Germany's re-emergence and the desires for regaining a leading role in Europe.
Carl the Great: An Emperor of "the European Empire"
Now Carl V is remembered no longer as a national hero in the countries which was the parts of his empire 500 years ago. His statues are not the monuments for the national memories but those for the Habsburg monarchy designed for demonstrating and justifying its rule. Under the present circumstances where the dream of the European Union comes true, however, his world politic as an ideology is revived in the memories of the Euroeans and is newly interpreted. As a pioneer of the ideal for the union of Europe Carl V, who is now called "a father of Europe", has taken a status of the significant assets in the memories of the Europeans.
Winston Churchill: A Symbol of the United Europe
Churchill has suffered from the underestimation, since he tended to deny the tendency to denying the independence of colonies and the emancipation of women and failed to contribute to enhancing the democratism and the human rights. However, he remains one of the greatest heroes because of the lingering memories of the victory won by him in the World War II. He is remembered as an European hero who saved Europe from the threats on the part of totalitarianism by exerting the decisive will power and the strong leadership. At the same time, however, he is also associated with the conservatism and the Cold War as well as the ideology of neo-liberalism.