초등학교 고학년생의 스트레스와 우울증상 간 관계: 역기능적태도와 자존감의 매개효과 및 성차 = Relationship Between Stress and Depression in Elementary-School Children: Mediating Effects of Dysfunctional Attitudes and Self-Esteem, and Gender Difference

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The current study examined the relationship between stress and depression in elementary-school children focusing on the mediating effects of dysfunctional attitudes and self-esteem, and gender difference. A total of 465 elementary-school students(236 male and 229 female) completed a stress questionnaire, dysfunctional attitudes scale for children, global self-esteem scale, and Kovacs' children's depression inventory. The data were analyzed by Pearson correlational analysis, path analysis, and multiple group analysis using Mplus. The results of correlational analysis showed correlation of stress, positive and negative self-esteem with depression in both genders. However, in correlation between stress and dysfunctional attitudes, those between positive, negative self-esteem and depression were higher in girls than in boys. T-test showed that girls were more depressed and had higher negative self-esteem than boys. The results from path analysis showed the mediating effects of dysfunctional attitudes and self-esteem model was more fitted than the moderating effect of dysfunctional attitudes and mediating effect of self-esteem model. The paths of positive and negative self-esteem to depression were the strongest. The path of stress -> dysfunctional attitudes -> negative self-esteem -> depression and that of stress -> positive self-esteem -> depression were significant in both genders, however, gender difference was also observed. That is, the path of stress -> dysfunctional attitudes -> positive self-esteem -> depression was significant only in girls. These results suggest that girls are more depressed and have stronger correlation between cognitive characteristics and depression than boys. Finally, the causes of these gender differences, need for differential intervention according to gender and future research direction were discussed.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 조수철, "한국형 소아우울척도의 개발" 29 : 943-956, 1990

2 신현균, "한국판 아동 역기능적 태도척도(K-DAS-C)의 요인구조" 한국임상심리학회 30 (30): 587-601, 2011

3 민하영, "학령기 남녀 아동의 일상적 생활 스트레스의 유형별 수준 및 우울에 미치는 영향" 한국가족학회 21 (21): 109-127, 2009

4 한태희, "초등학생의 스트레스와 내재화문제의 관계에서 인지변인과 부정적 대처방략의 매개효과" 1 (1): 1-21, 2004

5 강유진, "초등학생의 생활만족도에 영향을 미치는 개인, 가족, 학교요인의 스트레스 중재효과 : 보호과정 및 취약과정 탐색" 한국청소년정책연구원 19 (19): 57-84, 2008

6 박미현, "초등학생 아동의 스트레스와 우울의 5년에 걸친 발달적 변화" 한국아동학회 33 (33): 1-17, 2012

7 이희연, "청소년기 우울증상의 성차에 대한 인지적 왜곡의 매개효과" 한국여성심리학회 13 (13): 547-561, 2008

8 하은혜, "청소년기 우울 및 불안증상 공존집단의 심리사회적 위험요인" 한국심리학회 22 (22): 127-144, 2003

9 최희철, "자기존중감과 우울의 상호적 관계: 인지적 취약성 모델, 상처모델, 상호순환적 효과 모델의 검증" 한국상담학회 12 (12): 2251-2271, 2011

10 김태희, "인지행동 프로그램이 빈곤 가정 아동의 우울 취약성 감소에 미치는 효과: 역기능적 태도와 낮은 자존감을 중심으로" 한국임상심리학회 30 (30): 907-927, 2011

11 심희옥, "아동후기 초등학교 학생의 우울성향 : 일상적 스트레스, 자아존중감 및 사회적기술과의 관계" 36 (36): 133-144, 1997

12 정은진, "아동의 자기존중감과 우울의 종단적 상호관계" 한국상담학회 14 (14): 1107-1124, 2013

13 이정아, "아동의 일상적 스트레스, 인지적 취약성과 우울의 구조적 관계에 대한 단기 종단 연구" 한국상담학회 13 (13): 935-952, 2012

14 정동화, "아동의 생활사건 스트레스 척도의 개발을 위한 연구" 교육문제연구소 18 (18): 3-102, 2003

15 이영옥, "아동ㆍ청소년의 일상적 스트레스, 지각한 환경, 심리적 문제에 관한 발달단계별 차이 연구" 한국아동심리치료학회 6 (6): 53-79, 2011

16 신현균, "아동, 청소년의 생활 스트레스, 부모 양육방식 및 부정적 자동적 사고 간 관계: 연령과 성에 따른 부모 양육방식의 중재효과를 중심으로" 한국임상심리학회 28 (28): 1083-1105, 2009

17 김정미, "아동 및 청소년의 부적응적 완벽주의와 우울의 관계에서 자기존중감의 역할" 한국청소년학회 17 (17): 79-104, 2010

18 김선미, "메타분석을 통한 국내 아동․청소년의 우울 관련 변인 탐색" 한국문화및사회문제심리학회 18 (18): 533-555, 2012

19 김정미, "남녀 청소년의 학교스트레스와 우울의 관계: 완벽주의와 자기존중감의 매개효과 및 성별차이 검증" 한국상담학회 11 (11): 809-829, 2010

20 이영호, "귀인양식, 생활사건, 사건귀인 및 무망감과 우울의 관계 : 공변량구조모형을 통한 분석" 서울대학교 일반대학원 1993

21 문수백, "구조방정식모델링의 이해와 적용" 학지사 2009

22 Horowitz, J. L., "The prevention of depressive symptoms in children and adolescents : A meta-analytic review" 74 (74): 401-415, 2006

23 Abela, J. R. Z., "The development of depression during the transition from early to middle adolescence: A cognitive vulnerability-stress perspective" 107 (107): S111-S112, 2008

24 Moksnes, U. K., "The association between stress and emotional states in adolescents : The role of gender and self-esteem" 49 (49): 430-435, 2010

25 Grant, K. E., "Stressors and child and adolescent psychopathology : Evidence of moderating and mediating effects" 26 (26): 257-283, 2006

26 Eley, T. C., "Specific life events and chronic experiences differentially associated with depression and anxiety in young twins" 28 : 383-394, 2000

27 Rosenberg, M., "Society and the Adolescent Self-Image" Princeton University Press 1965

28 Tram, J. M., "Self-perceived competence and the relation between life events and depressive symptoms in adolescence : Longitudinal study" 38 : 579-590, 2000

29 MacPhee, A. R., "Risk Factors for Depression in Early Adolescence" 41 (41): 435-466, 2006

30 Bruce, A. E., "Relations of parenting and negative life events to cognitive diatheses for depression in children" 34 (34): 321-333, 2006

31 Bento, C., "Perfectionism, self esteem and depression in a portuguese sample of adolescents" 28 (28): 1-1, 2013

32 Mackrell, S. V. M., "Negative life events and cognitive vulnerability to depression : Informant effects and sex differences in the prediction of depressive symptoms in middle childhood" 54 (54): 463-468, 2013

33 McGee, R., "Multiple maltreatment, attribution of blame, and adjustment among adolescents" 13 : 827-846, 2001

34 Park, H., "Maladaptive coping and self-esteem as mediators between perfectionism and psychological distress" 48 (48): 469-474, 2010

35 Johnson, S. L., "Life events and juvenile bipolar disorder : Conceptual issues and early findings" 18 : 1169-1179, 2006

36 Jacobs, R. H., "Empirical evidence of cognitive vulnerability for depression among children and adolescents : A cognitive science and developmental perspective" 28 : 759-782, 2008

37 Abela, J. R. Z., "Dysfunctional attitudes, self-esteem, and hassles : Cognitive vulnerability to depression in children of affectively ill parents" 45 (45): 1127-1140, 2007

38 Zahn-Waxler, C., "Disorders of childhood and adolescence : Gender and psychopathology" 4 : 275-303, 2008

39 Supple, A. J., "Dimensionality and validity of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale for use with Latino adolescents" 33 : 39-53, 2011

40 Turner, J. E., "Developmental differences in cognitive diatheses for child depression" 22 : 15-32, 1994

41 Hankin, B. L., "Development of gender differences in depression : An elaborated cognitive vulnerability-transactional stress theroy" 127 (127): 773-796, 2001

42 McWhinnie, C. M., "Development and validation of the revised children's dysfunctional attitudes scale" 48 : 287-308, 2009

43 D'Alessandro, D. U., "Development and validation of the dysfunctional attitudes scale for children : Tests of Beck's cognitive diathesis-stress theory of depression, of its causal mediation component, and of developmental effects" 30 : 335-353, 2006

44 Hu, L., "Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives" 6 (6): 1-55, 1999

45 Hankin, B. L., "Cognitive vulnerability-stress interaction predicts prospective increases of depressive symptoms and onsets of new depressive episodes in the transition from early to middle adolescence" 122 (122): S13-, 2010

46 Beck, A. T., "Cognitive therapy of depression" Guilford Press 1979

47 Spence, S. H., "Cognitive therapy across the lifespan: evidence and practice" Cambridge University Press 358-395, 2003

48 Garber, J., "Cognitions, depressive symptoms and development in adolescents" 102 : 47-57, 1993

49 Abela, J. R. Z., "A test of the integration of the hopelessness and self-esteem theories of depression in schoolchildren" 27 (27): 519-535, 2004

50 Hyland, P., "A bifactor approach to modelling the Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale" 66 : 188-192, 2014