L1-Korean L2-English Speakers’ Performance of Refusal Speech Acts in EFL and ELF contexts

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Refusal speech acts have received much attention in the L2 pragmatics literature due to their complexity and learning difficulty. However, most of previous research studies were conducted with English-learning students with focus on situations in which English was used as a foreign language (EFL) in interaction with a native speaker of English, making it difficult to generalize their findings to professionals using English as a lingua franca (ELF) in interaction with non-native speakers of English. To address this research gap, the present study investigated refusal speech acts performed in EFL and ELF contexts by participants whose working language was English. Data were obtained using the Discourse Completion Task. Thirty-four L1-Korean L2-English speakers' response in English in both EFL and ELF contexts provided L2 data, while 36 L1-Korean and 35 L1-English speakers' response in their native languages provided L1-baseline data. L1-Korean L2-English speakers showed both L1 transfer and target-like performance in terms of frequencies of different refusal strategies and content of expressions used to perform refusal strategies, with L1 transfer effects being clearer in content of expressions. Possible reasons for the complex pattern of L1 transfer and potential roles of characteristics of participants and contexts were discussed.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Yang, N., "Work and family: An international research perspective" Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers 287-318, 2005

2 Hall, E. T., "Understanding cultural differences" Intercultural Press Inc 1990

3 Seidlhofer, B., "Understanding English as a lingua franca" Oxford University Press 2011

4 Kecskes, I., "The Routledge handbook of language and intercultural communication" Routledge 67-84, 2011

5 Panphotong, N., "Thai ways of saying ‘no’ to a request" 4 (4): 63-76, 2001

6 Beebe, L. M., "Speech acts across cultures:Challenges to communication in a second sanguage" Mouton de Gruyter 65-86, 1996

7 Brown, P., "Questions on politeness: Strategies in social interaction" Cambridge University Press 256-289, 1978

8 Liu, X., "Pragmatic transfer in intercultural communication: Refusal speech acts performed by L1-Chinese and L1-Korean speakers in English-mediated business communication" Kookmin University 2021

9 Kasper, G., "Pragmatic transfer" 8 : 203-231, 1992

10 김경령, "Pragmatic Transference in Refusals" 이중언어학회 (26) : 23-44, 2004

11 김지현 ; 권은영, "Pragmatic Transfer in Refusals: A Comparative Study of Korean and English" 한국영어학학회 16 (16): 99-136, 2010

12 Kim, A. H., "Politeness in East Asia" Cambridge University Press 176-207, 2011

13 Atkinson, J. M., "Order in court: The organization of verbal interaction in juridical settings" Social Sciences Research Council 1979

14 Turnbull, W., "Modal expression as facework in refusals to comply with requests : I think I should say ‘no’ right now" 27 : 145-181, 1997

15 Blum-Kulka, S., "Learning to say what you mean in a second language : A study of the speech act performance of learners of Hebrew as a second language" 3 (3): 29-59, 1982

16 Gass, S. M., "Interlanguage refusals: A cross-cultural study of Japanese-English" Mouton de Gruyter 1999

17 Schnurr, S., "I can’t remember them ever not doing what I tell them!”: Nego-tiating face and power relations in “upward” refusals in multicultural workplaces in Hong Kong" 10 : 593-616, 2013

18 Chang, Y-F., "How to say no : An analysis of intercultural difference and pragmatic transfer" 31 (31): 477-493, 2008

19 정은혁 ; 김영재, "First Language Transfer in Pragmatic Use by Second Language Speakers" 한국언어학회 33 (33): 517-543, 2008

20 Kwon, J., "Expressing refusals in Korean and in American English" 23 (23): 339-364, 2004

21 Sairhun, T., "English refusal strategies of Thai learners of English as a foreign language: A study of pragmatic transfer" Chulalongkorn University 1999

22 Cohen, A. D., "Developing the ability to perform speech acts" 18 : 253-267, 1996

23 Beebe, L. M., "Developing communicative competence in a second language" Newbury House 55-73, 1990

24 Hofstede, G., "Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values" Sage 1980

25 Triandis, H., "Cross-cultural training across the individualism-collectivism divide" 12 (12): 269-289, 1988

26 Triandis, H., "Cross-cultural studies of personality, attitudes and cognition" Macmillan 60-95, 1988

27 Nelson, G. L., "Cross-cultural pragmatics : Strategy use in Egyptian Arabic and American English refusals" 23 (23): 163-189, 2002

28 Lee, S., "Comparative study of refusal response of Korean and English" 8 : 65-100, 2001

29 Hall, E. T., "Beyond culture" Anchor 1976

30 Jiang, L., "An empirical study on pragmatic transfer in refusal speech act produced by Chinese high school EFL learners" 8 (8): 95-113, 2015

31 Turnbull, W., "An appraisal of pragmatic elicitation technique for the social psychological study of talk : The case of request refusals" 11 (11): 31-61, 2001

32 Liao, C., "A contrastive pragmatic study on American English and Mandarin refusal strategies" 18 : 703-727, 1996

33 민수정, "A Study on Korean EFL Learners’ Refusal Strategies with Implication for Interlanguage Pragmatics" 한국현대영어영문학회 57 (57): 353-376, 2013