Korea’s healthcare delivery system faces several challenges,
including patient concentration in large hospitals located in the
Seoul metropolitan areas and inefficient utilization of healthcare
services. Cancer, in particular, is the leading cause o...
Korea’s healthcare delivery system faces several challenges,
including patient concentration in large hospitals located in the
Seoul metropolitan areas and inefficient utilization of healthcare
services. Cancer, in particular, is the leading cause of death in
Korea, and its continuously increasing prevalence places a
significant financial burden on the healthcare system. Although the
government has implemented policies to enhance coverage, such as
reducing out-of-pocket costs for cancer patients. However, in
Korea's healthcare delivery system without gatekeeping, these
policies have led to unintended consequences by increasing patient
accessibility to medical institutions, thereby exacerbating the
concentration toward metropolitan hospitals. Long-distance travel
for treatment can lead to negative outcomes such as increased
waiting times, unnecessary costs from duplicate examinations, and
delays in treatment. However, existing studies have primarily
focused on analyses based on frequency of healthcare utilization or
post-treatment prognosis, with limited research systematically
analyzing the complex healthcare utilization pathways of patients.
This study aims to systematically identify, classify, and analyze the
factors influencing the pre-treatment healthcare utilization
pathways of cancer patients.
Using the National Health Insurance Service Sample Cohort data,
this study included 13,616 patients aged 19 or older who were
newly diagnosed with liver, stomach, or colorectal cancer between
2007 and 2019. A pathway database was constructed by tracking
patients' healthcare utilization records from one year prior to
diagnosis until their initial treatment. Latent Class Analysis was
applied to classify patient pathways based on the number of
healthcare institution changes, inter-regional movement, and
patterns of movement between different types of healthcare
institutions. Finally, multinomial logistic regression was conducted
to analyze the sociodemographic and clinical factors of patients
associated with each pathway type.
The pre-treatment healthcare utilization pathways revealed a
distinct concentration of patients in Seoul, particularly in the Big 5
hospitals. For non-Seoul patients, the transition of healthcare
institutions in Seoul increased from the diagnosis phase to the initial
treatment phase. Notably, as the distance between the patient's
residence and Seoul increased, there was a stronger preference for
the Big 5 hospitals over other tertiary hospitals in Seoul.
Nevertheless, the intra-regional utilization rate in non-Seoul areas
remained between 50% and 70%, suggesting potential for improving
regional cancer healthcare delivery systems. Regarding institutional
transition, approximately 50% of patients experienced at least one
transfer, which was primarily concentrated in the pre-diagnosis
phase. While the average number of transfers was higher in the
pre-diagnosis phase compared to the post-diagnosis phase, a
subset of patients exhibited extreme mobility patterns irrespective
of the clinical phase. The pre-treatment healthcare utilization
pathways of cancer patients were classified into five distinct types:
(Type 1) Single-institution completion within the residential area
(28.8%); (Type 2) Intra-regional upward referral (22.2%); (Type
3) Inter-regional diagnosis with upward referral (19.6%); (Type 4)
Inter-regional single-institution completion (15.0%); and (Type 5)
Inter-regional multi-institution upward referral (14.4%).
Significant changes in pathway selection were observed by year.
Over the years, the proportions of patients classified into Type 1
and Type 5 have increased. This indicates a polarization in
healthcare utilization pathways over time. Specifically, patients are
increasingly diverging into two distinct patterns: either relying
predominantly on a single local institution or engaging in frequent
inter-institutional transfers, eventually concentrating in large
hospitals in Seoul. Pathway type selection was significantly
influenced by types of cancer, patient's residential area, age, health
insurance premium quantiles (as a proxy for income), and types of
treatment. Patients residing in non-metropolitan regions were
particularly more likely to choose Type 3 and Type 4. Furthermore,
higher income levels and younger age were associated with a
tendency to move between multiple institutions or travel to regions
are different from residential area. Patients who received only
chemotherapy or radiation therapy were more likely to use a route
to a higher-level healthcare institution than patients who received
only surgery.
This study is significant in that it systematically classified the
complex pre-treatment healthcare utilization pathways of Korean
cancer patients into five distinct types using nationwide health
insurance claims data. While most patients receive diagnosis and
initial treatment efficiently within their own region, a considerable
proportion—particularly those with higher socioeconomic status—
still seek care in large metropolitan hospitals, notably the “Big
Five” hospitals. Moreover, this centralization trend has intensified
over time, underscoring persistent issues of regional imbalance and
distrust in local healthcare. In conclusion, multifaceted policy efforts
are necessary to create a sustainable healthcare environment where
all cancer patients can receive timely, high-quality treatment near
their place of residence. These efforts include strengthening the
capabilities of regional hub hospitals to establish a regionallycompleted healthcare system and securing public trust in the quality of local care to establish an efficient delivery system.