The key question of this paper is how the non-state actors like missionaries and North Korean Brokers have gained their influence on protecting refugees and migration process in Northeast Asia.
Unlike the other refugee protecting cases which are oper...
The key question of this paper is how the non-state actors like missionaries and North Korean Brokers have gained their influence on protecting refugees and migration process in Northeast Asia.
Unlike the other refugee protecting cases which are operated under UNHCR regime, the North Korean refugees drifting in China do not get any supports from UNHCR and neighboring countries. Regarding the North Korean refugee cases, non- state actors such as missionaries and North Korean brokers who act covertly have more a substantial role in rescuing North Korean refugees.
In the late 1990s, many North Koreans have crossed the Tumen and Yalu and poured into the border zone between China and North Korea after the ‘March of Tribulation’. However, China did not regard the North Korean defectors as a refugee and defined them as an illegal immigrant who escaped from the economic difficulties of North Korea. Moreover, China has sent refugees back to North Korea whenever North Korean refugees are caught.
UNHCR argued North Korean defectors should be recognized as a mandate refugee because they may be persecuted when they are extradited. However, the role of the UNHCR was insufficient because the sovereignty of China is ahead according to the international law.
South Korea government has shown a passive attitude in protecting the North Korean refugees due to the international relations with China and North Korea. Activities of Human right NGO has restricted by Chinese government.
In this situation, Christian missionaries have gained their influence based on the existing missionary network built in Northeast China. Before long, the Christian missionaries has become the ‘OPP: Obligatory Passage Point’ that has to be passed in order to protect the North Korean refugees.
The official church under the surveillance of the Chinese government has connected the North Korean refugees who came for the humanitarian supports to the local missionary shelter. South Koreans and foreigners who run business in Chinese have supported the missionaries in terms of utilizing the local Christian Network.
Since the mid-2000s, it becomes general to immigrate the North Korean refugees to another countries instead of protecting them in China. As a result, the private brokers have become a more important actor.
The North Korean refuges who are well aware of the local circumstances or local residents have exercised their influence as they organized the dotted shaped broker networks and operated it close. Furthermore, they have typed the North Korea escaping path through the repeatable North Korea escaping process.
Also, the brokers have exploited by penetrating to the structural hole of the policy system of South Korean government which are designed to provide the North Korean defectors with the settlement funds. The brokers have fixed the broker activities as a business model from the process of preparing border-crossing expenses and in pursuit of the commercial profit as well as providing deferred payment system by making settlement subsidies collateral.
As mentioned above, in the Far East Asia Network, the missionaries have penetrated to the niche, which China does not follow the norm, that is ‘structural holes’ and do the missionary activities as well as protecting the North Korean defectors.
After the mid-2000s, the North Korean brokers had appeared and gained their influence as penetrating to the policy structural holes of South Korean government by exploiting the North Korean defectors settlement subsidies. However, as the non-state actors have exerted the substantial influence, there came out a lot of side effects and limits such as the human rights violations of North Korean defectors when the links of the network were disconnected.
This study is meaningful to analyze the role of non-state actors such as the missionary and the broker, which has been less highlighted regarding the North Korean defectors study in the field of International Relations. Furthermore, this study provides the implication to understand the limits of Northeast Asia refugee governance by analyzing the backgrounds how the non-state actors such as missionary and broker has came out and gained their influence in protecting the North Korean refugees.