남조 목탑의 축조기법과 주변 국가와의 교류 - 남경 西營村 목탑지를 중심으로 = China’s Southern Dynasties of Construction Technique of Wooden Pagodas and Exchanges with Neighboring Countries - Based on the Wooden Pagoda Site in Xiyingcun, Nanjing, China

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The construction technique of a stylobate for wooden pagodas built in Xiyingcun(西營村), Nanjing, China during the Southern Dynasties period was confirmed as rammed earth using a combination of earth and stones, considering that its technical level was at a basic stage. This rammed earth technique has not been found in other heritage artifacts from the Southern Dynasties except the wooden pagodas in Xiyingcun. However, it was discovered in a more technically advanced style from wooden pagodas built during the Northern Dynasties, which was about 50 to 100 years later than the previous period. Then, after some 50 years, in Korea, Baekje’s stone pagodas and Silla’s wooden pagodas have come to exhibit the same rammed earth technique, but are slightly changed further than before.
The rammed earth core technique using earth and stones, which is found in wooden pagodas built during the Southern Dynasties in the mid and late fifth century in China, seems to have been transferred from the Southern to Northern Dynasties and from the Northern Dynasties to Baekje and Silla in Korea. However, such a hypothesis must still be proved, so this study focuses on other techniques of constructing wooden pagodas such as a central pillar foundation and pagoda interior. In conclusion, it was estimated that the construction structure of wooden pagodas of the Southern Dynasties in Xiyingcun has included a capital pillar placed deep underground without a pagoda interior on the ground, but is made of purely wooden materials connected to each other. In this regard, the conclusion drawn in this paper is due to studying both the past research results based on documented records and the latest excavation results of wooden pagodas in Xiyingcun. Above all, it was thought that wooden pagodas of the Southern Dynasties are related to the wooden pagodas built during Baekje’s Sabi period and the ancient wooden pagodas of Japan.
Thus, the wooden pagodas’ stylobate of the Southern and Northern Dynasties was built using the same construction technique using the rammed earth combining earth and stones. However, the existence or nonexistence of a pagoda interior made them different. Therefore, this study goes further into detailed genealogy of these two origins, rather than just summarizing them.
As a result, it was estimated that the Northern Dynasties’s wooden pagodas were built by inheriting the tall platform construction technique to build a high structure from the Western Zhou period, while those of the Southern Dynasties gradually adopted the construction technique, which eventually excluded the rammed earth foundation from the Eastern Han period. In addition, this study seeks to find the cause of the difference between the connection and disconnection of construction techniques used for high wooden structures built in the different periods, from wooden pagodas of the Southern and Northern Dynasties. It was thought that the natural, geographical, and environmental differences between the Southern and Northern Dynasties resulted in the succession and extinction of three different elements such as a combination of earth and stones, pure wooden pagoda, and existence of pagoda interior, let alone the technique to build a high wooden pagoda.
Moreover, as a result of studying the ancient exchanges in East Asia during the Northern and Southern Dynasties by synthesizing the construction conditions and techniques of a stylobate and high structures, a different conclusion was drawn from an existing contention. It was estimated that the wooden pagodas of Baekje’s Sabi period and ancient Japan, which are characterized by the rammed earth technique and capital pillar foundation, are connected to the Southern Dynasties. Also, regarding the genealogy of the technique of constructing a wooden pagoda using the rammed earth technique and underground capital pillar foundation, and without a pagoda interior, this study emphasizes on the genealogy of the Southern Dynasties to Baekje and then Japan, contrary to the prevailing presumptions of academia.
Most of all, it was judged that the tradition of the rammed earth technique using earth and stones was continued from the Southern Dynasties to Northern Dynasties and Baekje, and then Silla as well. As for the connection between them, the rammed earth technique used aggregate (gravel) for wooden pagodas at the Wangheungsa Temple Site and Yeongjeong-ri Site, which were out of the limelight, was suggested as a connecting link. Regarding the rammed earth technique using large rubble stones found at one of Baekje’s pagoda sites of the seventh century, this study leaves open the possibility of Baekje’s unique characteristics and exchanges with both the Sui and Tang Dynasties.