Administrative law

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface to the First Edition = ⅵ
• Preface to the Third Edition = ⅶ
• Table of Cases = xix
• Table of Legislation = xiiv
• PART 1: THE ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM
• 1 THE NATURE AND PURPOSE OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW = 3
• 1 Introduction = 3
• 2 Dicey, Unitary Democracy and the Ultra Vires Principle = 4
• 1 The Basis of the Traditional Model = 4
• 2 The Implications of the Traditional Ultra Vires Model = 7
• 3 The Deficiencies of the Traditional Ultra Vires Model = 12
• 3 Rights, Legality and Abuse of Power = 17
• 1 Basis of the Model = 17
• 2 Interpretations of the Model = 17
• 3 General Implications of the Model = 19
• 4 Particular Implications of the Model: Traditional Pluralism = 24
• 5 Particular Implications of the Model: Market-Oriented Pluralism = 34
• 2 THE ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM: AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE = 41
• 1 Introduction = 41
• 2 The Nineteenth Century = 41
• 1 General = 41
• 2 The Machinery of Administration = 46
• 3 The Rationale for Administrative Growth = 50
• 4 Local Government = 52
• 5 The Evolution of Statutory Inquiries = 57
• 3 The Twentieth Century = 58
• 1 From 1906 to the Present Day = 58
• 2 Donougbmore, Franks, the 1980 Report and the 1988 justice Report = 62
• 3 INSTITUTIONS Ⅰ: GOVERNMENT = 64
• 1 The Changing Pattern of Government = 64
• 2 Regulatory Strategies = 65
• 1 "Whether", "How" and "Who" = 65
• 2 Regulatory Strategy and Political Choice = 66
• 3 Central Government = 67
• 1 Introduction = 67
• 2 The Power of the Executive = 67
• 3 Two Views of the Legislature = 73
• 4 Conclusion = 80
• 4 Agencies = 81
• 1 The Reasons for the Creation of Agencies = 81
• 2 Problems of Terminology and Scope = 85
• 3 Two Types of Agency: Organisational Framework = 85
• 4 Agencies: Problems and Concerns = 86
• 5 Agencies: Legal Status = 93
• 6 Agencies: Institutional Design and Legal Principle = 96
• 7 A Constitutional and Legal Framework for Agencies = 105
• 5 Contract and Service Provision = 107
• 1 Contracting-out = 108
• 2 Contracting-out and Market Testing = 109
• 3 Contracting-out: Problems and Concerns = 110
• 4 Contracting-out: Contract Formation and Legal Principle = 112
• 6 Local Government = 113
• 1 The Changing Pattern of Local Government = 113
• 2 Local Authorities: Present Organisation = 114
• 3 Local Authorities: Functions and Powers = 116
• 4 Local Authorities and Central Government: A Changing Relationship = 117
• 5 Local Authorities: Finances = 118
• 6 Agencies and Service Delivery = 120
• 7 Central-Local Relations and Democracy = 121
• 7 Freedom of Information = 124
• 8 The Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration = 127
• 1 General = 127
• 2 Scope of the PCA's Powers = 127
• 3 The Health Service Commissioners = 134
• 4 Local Commissioners = 135
• 5 Northern Ireland = 138
• 6 The Role of the PCA = 138
• 4 INSTITUTIONS Ⅱ: TRIBUNALS AND INQUIRIES = 142
• 1 Statutory Tribunals = 142
• 1 Reasons for their Creation = 142
• 2 The Natures of Tribunals = 143
• 3 The Franks Report = 143
• 4 The Tribunal System = 147
• 2 Statutory Inquiries = 160
• 1 The Background = 160
• 2 The Franks Committee = 161
• 3 Inquiries: Practice and Procedure = 163
• 4 Related Types of Decision-Making = 169
• 5 Supervision = 172
• 6 Planning Inquiries, the Government and the Public = 173
• 5 INSTITUTIONS Ⅲ: THE EC = 179
• 1 The Institutions = 179
• 1 The Council = 179
• 2 The Commission = 180
• 3 The European Parliament = 181
• 4 The European Council = 182
• 5 The European Court of Justice = 183
• 2 The Legislative Process = 183
• 1 Democratic Legitimacy and Political Pragmatism = 184
• 2 Five Procedures = 185
• 3 The Voting Requirements = 188
• 3 The Legal Order: Supremacy and Direct Effect = 188
• 1 Supremacy = 188
• 2 Direct Effect = 193
• 3 Direct Effect: Rights and Remedies = 206
• 4 The Impact of Community Law = 209
• 6 A CASE STUDY: COMPETITION AND REGULATION = 211
• 1 Competition: Whether to Regulate = 211
• 2 Competition: Who Should Regulate = 212
• 3 Competition: How to Regulate = 214
• 1 Effectiveness and the Choice of the Legislative Criterion = 214
• 2 Procedure and Procedural Rights = 215
• 3 Defining the Public Interest: Rule Making and Discretion = 215
• 4 Defining the Public Interest: Politics, Policy, and Justiciability = 216
• 5 Enforcement = 218
• 6 Accountability, and Control = 218
• 7 The Importance of Competition Policy = 219
• 4 Market Power: Whether to Regulate = 220
• 1 The Basic Problem = 220
• 2 Regulating Natural Monopoly: Aims and Objectives = 221
• 5 Market Power: Who Should Regulate = 222
• 1 The Common Law and the Courts = 222
• 2 Departmental Regulation = 225
• 3 Regulation by Tribunal or Board = 226
• 4 Public Ownership = 227
• 6 Market Power: How to Regulate = 229
• 1 Selling State Assets: Constitutional Implications = 229
• 2 The Regulatory Regime: Legal Powers and Legal Constraints = 232
• 3 The Regulatory Regime: Institutional Design = 236
• 4 The Regulatory Regime: The Limits of Public Law = 239
• 5 The Regulatory Regime: The Citizen's Charter and the 1992 Legislation = 241
• 7 Conclusion = 242
• 7 RULE-MAKING = 243
• 1 Introduction = 243
• 2 Delegated Legislation = 245
• 1 History = 245
• 2 Form = 246
• 3 The Passage of Delegated Legislation = 247
• 4 Control by Parliament = 250
• 5 Control through Consultation = 255
• 6 Control through the Courts = 262
• 7 Delegated Legislation: Possible Reforms = 266
• 3 Rules Made by the Administration = 270
• 1 Type and Rationale = 270
• 2 Legal Status = 271
• 3 Rules Made by the Administration. Problems = 272
• 4 Rules Made by the Administration: Possible Solutions = 273
• PART 2: JUDICIAL REVIEW
• 8 NATURAL JUSTICE: HEARINGS = 281
• 1 Introduction = 281
• 1 Historical Development = 281
• 2 The Rationale for Procedural Rights = 282
• 2 Limitation of the Principle = 283
• 1 Administrative v. Judicial = 283
• 2 Rights and Remedies = 284
• 3 Rights v. Privileges = 284
• 4 Statutory Hearings and Inquiries = 284
• 3 The Principle Revived = 285
• 1 Ridge v. Baldwin = 285
• 2 The Importance of Ridge v. Baldwin = 286
• 4 Applicability of Procedural Protection = 287
• 1 Categorisation: Administrative v. Judicial v. Legislative = 287
• 2 Categorisation: Rights, Privileges and Legitimate Expectations = 288
• 3 Natural justice and Fairness = 289
• 4 Fairness: Balancing in an Adjudicative Context = 292
• 5 Fairness: Non-Adjudicative Procedures = 302
• 5 Content of Natural Justice: General = 306
• 1 Notice = 306
• 2 The Hearing = 308
• 3 Representation = 309
• 4 Reasons = 310
• 5 Appeals and Rehearing = 316
• 6 Deciding Without Hearing = 317
• 6 Content of Natural Justice: Specific Areas = 317
• 1 Employment = 318
• 2 Students = 319
• 3 Licensing = 320
• 4 Discipline = 321
• 5 Preliminary Hearings = 322
• 6 Aliens = 323
• 7 Conclusion = 324
• 9 NATURAL JUSTICE: BIAS = 326
• 1 Personal Interest = 326
• 1 Pecuniary Interest = 326
• 2 Other Personal Interests = 327
• 2 Institutional = 328
• 1 Prosecutor and Judge = 328
• 2 Institutional Opinion = 329
• 3 The Test for Bias = 330
• 1 General = 330
• 2 Bias for Whom? = 331
• 3 The Question of Degree = 331
• 4 The Law Clarified = 332
• 4 Exceptions = 333
• 1 Necessity = 333
• 2 Statute = 333
• 3 Waiver = 333
• 5 Conclusion = 334
• 10 JURISDICTION =335
• 1 Introduction = 335
• 1 Introduction = 335
• 2 Structure of the Chapter = 336
• 2 Theories of Jurisdiction = 337
• 1 Collateral Fact Doctrine = 337
• 2 Limited Review = 340
• 3 Extensive Review: The Academic Argument = 342
• 4 Extensive Review: The Judicial Argument = 345
• 5 Conclusion = 349
• 3 Case Law History = 350
• 1 Limited Intervention = 350
• 2 Collateral or Preliminary Fact Cases = 351
• 3 Reconciliation? = 352
• 4 The Current Case Law = 353
• 5 Error of Law Within jurisdiction = 363
• 6 Statutory Review = 364
• 7 Review of Fact and Evidence = 365
• 4 What Should the Test for Review Be? = 372
• 1 The Existing Approaches = 372
• 2 A Middle Way: Rightness and Rational Basis = 375
• 11 DISCRETION = 384
• 1 Introduction = 384
• 1 Discretion: Type of Constraint = 384
• 2 Discretion: The Rationale for Intervention = 385
• 3 Structure of the Chapter = 385
• 2 Failure to Exercise Discretion = 386
• 1 Delegation = 386
• 2 Rules/Policies and Discretion = 391
• 3 Misuse of Power Ⅰ = 400
• 1 The Types of Power which Can be Controlled = 401
• 2 Levels of Review and Intensity of Review = 402
• 3 Reasonableness: The Two Meanings = 404
• 4 Control at the First Level: Illegality = 405
• 5 Control at the Second Level: Irrationality and Substantive Principles = 409
• 4 Misuse of Power Ⅱ = 433
• 1 Five Options for Judicial Review = 433
• 2 Decision-Making, Discretion and Substantive Review = 445
• 12 INVALIDITY = 447
• 1 Direct and Collateral Attack = 447
• 1 General = 447
• 2 Limitations on Collateral Attack = 448
• 2 Void and Voidable = 451
• 1 Void and Voidable: Correct and Incorrect Uses = 451
• 2 Judicial Discretion: Theory and Reality = 456
• 3 Natural Justice = 466
• 3 Problems of Proof = 470
• 1 General = 470
• 2 Validity Pending Determination = 472
• 3 Partial Invalidity = 475
• PART 3: REMEDIES Ⅰ
• 13 REMEDIES: STANDING = 479
• 1 Introduction = 479
• 2 The Position before 1978 = 479
• 1 Certiorari = 480
• 2 Prohibition = 480
• 3 Mandamus = 481
• 4 Injunction and Declaration = 482
• 3 The Present Position: The Attorney-General, Public Authorities and Statutory Appeals = 485
• 1 Attorney-General = 485
• 2 Public Authorities = 486
• 3 Statutory Appeals = 487
• 4 The Present Position
• 1 Introduction = 489
• 2 The IRC Case = 489
• 3 Interpretation of the Test = 494
• 4 Locus Standi Outside Section 31 = 498
• 5 The Function of Standing = 499
• 1 Vindication of Private Rights = 499
• 2 Fusion of Standing and Merits = 502
• 3 Citizen Action = 504
• 4 Injury in Fact = 511
• 5 Costs of Litigation = 512
• 6 Conclusion = 513
• 14 THE JUDICIAL REMEDIES = 516
• 1 Certiorari and Prohibition = 516
• 1 Introduction = 516
• 2 The Scope of Certiorari and Prohibition = 517
• 3 Grounds for the Award of Certiorari and Prohibition = 523
• 4 Limits on the Grant of the Remedies = 523
• 5 The Effect of an Award of Certiorari = 525
• 2 Mandamus = 526
• 1 Introduction = 526
• 2 The Ambit of Mandamus =527
• 3 Limits on the Availability of Mandamus =529
• 3 Declaration = 530
• 1 Introduction = 530
• 2 The Scope of Declaration = 531
• 3 Limits on the Availability of Declaration = 533
• 4 The Impact of the Declaration = 538
• 5 Practice and Procedure = 539
• 4 Injunction = 540
• 1 Introduction = 540
• 2 The Scope of Injunctive Relief = 541
• 3 Limits to Injunctive Relief = 544
• 4 Practice and Procedure = 544
• 5 Other Remedies = 545
• 1 Habeas Corpus = 545
• 2 Private Law Remedies = 546
• 3 Criminal Prosecution = 546
• 4 Default lowers = 547
• 15 REMEDIES AND REFORM = 549
• 1 The Impetus for Reform = 549
• 1 General = 549
• 2 The New Procedure: General Approach = 550
• 2 The Exceptions: "Getting Out" of Section 31 = 552
• 1 The Reasons for Seeking to Proceed Outside Section 31 = 552
• 2 Collateral Attack and Private Rights; The Initial Approach = 553
• 3 Collateral Attack and Private Rights: The Emerging Doctrine = 555
• 4 Collateral Attack and Private Rights: An Assessment = 559
• 3 Public Law Cases: "Getting Into" Section 31 = 562
• 1 The Reasons for Wishing to Use the Section 31 Procedure = 562
• 2 Public Law: Possible Tests = 564
• 3 The Boundaries of Public Law = 566
• 4 The Rationale for Exclusivity = 577
• 1 Protecting Public Bodies: Leave = 578
• 2 Protecting Public Bodies: Time Limits = 585
• 3 A Specialist Court = 588
• 5 Reform of the Reforms = 588
• 1 Two Central Propositions = 588
• 2 Reform Options = 590
• 6 Procedure = 593
• 1 The Application = 593
• 2 The Hearing = 595
• 3 Discretion to Refuse Relief = 596
• 7 The Effect of Alternative Remedies = 597
• 1 Choice of Remedies within Section 31 = 597
• 2 Alternative Statutory Remedies = 597
• 3 Conclusion = 599
• 16 REMEDIES: EXCLUSION = 600
• 1 Complete Exclusion = 600
• 1 Finality Clauses = 600
• 2 "No Certiorari" Clauses = 601
• 3 "Shall not be Questioned" Clauses = 602
• 4 "As if Enacted" and " Conclusive Evidence = 603
• 5 Statutory Invention = 604
• 2 Time Limits = 605
• 3 Conclusion = 606
• 1 Complete Ouster Clauses = 606
• 2 Time Limits = 608
• PART 4: REMEDIES Ⅱ
• 17 TORT AND RESTITUTION = 613
• 1 Tortious Liability = 613
• 1 Statutory Authority and Nuisance = 613
• 2 Statutory Authority and Rylands v. Fletcher = 617
• 3 Negligence = 618
• 4 Breach of Statutory Duty = 632
• 5 The Crown = 634
• 6 Judicial Immunity = 635
• 2 Tortious Liability: A Remedy Specific to Public Bodies = 636
• 3 Restitution = 638
• 1 Duress = 638
• 2 Mistake = 639
• 3 Recovery for Ultra Vires Demands = 640
• 4 Discretionary Payments = 642
• 5 Restitution from the Individual = 642
• 4 Community Law = 642
• 1 Liability in Damages = 642
• 2 Recovery of Money = 645
• 5 Reform = 646
• 1 Options for Reform = 646
• 2 The Impact of Community Law = 650
• 3 Conclusion = 651
• 18 REPRESENTATIONS BY PUBLIC BODIES = 652
• 1 Ultra Vires Representations: The Present Law = 653
• 1 The Relationship of Ultra Vires, Agency and Delegation = 653
• 2 Applications of the Principle = 655
• 2 Ultra Vires Representations: A Re-Assessment of the jurisdictional Principle = 659
• 1 The Policy Behind the jurisdictional Principle = 659
• 2 Intentional and Inadvertent Extension of Power = 659
• 3 Ultra Vires Representations: Rethinking the Jurisdictional Principle = 661
• 1 Government- Proprietary Distinction = 661
• 2 Internal Dealing = 662
• 3 Balancing the Public and Individual Interest = 663
• 4 The Relationship between Estoppel and Compensation = 671
• 4 Fettering of Discretion = 672
• 1 Changes of Policy and Fettering of Discretion = 672
• 2 Resolution of the Problem = 673
• 5 Estoppel by Record = 676
• 1 General Principles = 676
• 2 Application to Administrative Law = 676
• 19 CONTRACT = 678
• 1 Making the Contract: General = 678
• 1 Capacity to Contract = 670
• 2 The Authority of an Agent = 682
• 3 Parliamentary Appropriation = 683
• 4 Proceedings against the Crown = 684
• 2 Making the Contract: Public Procurement and the EC = 685
• 1 The Object of the EC Rules = 685
• 2 The Application of the Treaty = 686
• 3 The Application of the Directives = 686
• 3 Making the Contract: Public Procurement and Domestic Law = 690
• 1 Competitive Process for Contracts = 690
• 2 Market Principles an the Prohibition of Non-Commercial Considerations = 690
• 3 Contracting Out and Compulsory Competitive Tendering = 693
• 4 The Reality of Public Contracting: Government Contracts = 693
• 1 The Framing of Government Procurement Policy = 694
• 2 Terms of the Contract = 695
• 3 Conclusion = 696
• 5 Contract as an Instrument of Policy = 697
• 6 Limits on Contractual Effectiveness: General = 699
• 1 The Problem = 699
• 2 When Must the Contract Fall? = 699
• 3 Compensation = 703
• 4 A Special Rule for the Crown? = 706
• 7 Limits on Contractual Effectiveness: Crown Service = 707
• 1 The Existence of a Contract = 707
• 2 Dismissal of Crown Servants = 709
• 3 Arrears of Pay = 710
• 4 Statutory Protection = 710
• 20 EVIDENCE AND CROWN LIABILITY = 712
• 1 Public Interest Immunity = 712
• 1 "Crown Privilege" = 712
• 2 From Crown Privilege to Public interest = 713
• 3 Public Interest Immunity: Scope and Nature = 715
• 2 Statutes and the Crown = 723
• 1 Statutes Binding the Crown = 723
• 2 Statutes Benefiting the Crown = 724
• 3 Procedure and Remedies = 725
• 1 General = 725
• 2 Injunctions and Interim Relief = 726
• 3 Contempt = 731
• APPENDIX Deregulation and Contracting Out Bill 1994 = 733
• Index = 739