개정 프랑스 채권법상 사기 강박의 의사표시

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The provisions concerning fraud and threat inc1uded in the recently undertaken
reform of french civil code show some interesting issues, Regarding fraud and
threat the reform eliminates some outdated provisions which had lasted from the
day on which the French Civil Ccde was enacted and amends new artic1es on the
basis of the doctrines developed by the jurisprudence.
With regard to fraud the Order (Ordonnance nO 2016-131 dated 10 February
2016) codifies fraudulent silence which was already permitted by the French Supreme Court. But the new artic1e doesn.t presuppose the duty of disc1osure.
Therefore the relation between fraud and mistake is somewhat uncertain und should be still discussed. For now the prevailing opinion is that only a fraudulent intention and no breach of duty of disclosure is required. Furthermore the Order provides fraud by third persons. To the third person for whose acts a contract party is responsible belong the party s representative, employee, business rnanager and standing surety. In the case of any other third person who commits fraud and the contract party has been led to conc1ude the contract, the party can avoid the
contract if the third person is the other party s complice. Finally the Order abolishes the distinction drawn between dol principal (without which the victim would never have entered the contract at a11l and dol inC1dent (where the victim would have entered the contract but on different, less onerous terms).
Regarding threats it is notable that the Order codifies the econorrllc duress which the french case law has developed in order to fill the gap that stemmed from the lack of a general provision of excessive benefit and according to the 1804 French α de Civil only certain contracts can be avoided on account of lésion (contractual imbalance). New artic1e 1143 provides that there is also duress where one party exploits the other’s state of dependence in order to obtain an undertaking to which the laUer would not have agreed if he had not been in that situation. The objedive and subjedive prerequisites for economic duress is almost same with ones demanded by our case law.

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