Fluorescent and luminescent probes for biological activity

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Contributors = ⅴ
• Preface = ⅷ
• CHAPTER ONE Fluorescence Microscopy / J.S. Ploem = 1
• 1.1 Introduction = 1
• 1.2 Microscope design = 2
• 1.3 Types of illumination = 3
• 1.4 Light sources = 6
• 1.5 Filters = 7
• 1.6 Objectives and eyepieces = 10
• References = 11
• CHAPTER TWO Introduction to Fluorescent Probes : Properties, History and Applications / F.H. Katen = 12
• 2.1 Introduction = 12
• 2.2 Nature of fluorescence and properties of fluorescent probes = 12
• 2.3 Historical development = 14
• 2.4 Application of fluorochromes in histology and microbiology = 17
• 2.5 Introduction of acridine organe into cell physiology, cytology and cytochemistry = 18
• 2.6 General applications of fluorescent probes = 23
• References = 31
• CHAPTER THREE Intracellular Ion Indicators / R. Haugland = 34
• 3.1 Introduction = 34
• 3.2 Properties of intracellular ion indicators = 34
• 3.3 Examples of intracellular ion indicators = 38
• 3.4 Conclusions = 42
• References = 42
• CHAPTER FOUR Redox Confocal Imaging : Intrinsic Fluorescent Probes of Cellular Metabolism / B.R. Marster ; B. Chance = 44
• 4.1 Introduction = 44
• 4.2 Hisotry of the use of intrinsic probes to monitor cellular metabolism = 46
• 4.3 The biochemical basis of intrinsic fluorescent probes in living cells = 47
• 4.4 Instrumentation for the use of low-light-level fluorescent imaging of living cells and tissues = 48
• 4.5 Applications of intrinsic fluorescent redox probes to cellular metabolism = 52
• 4.6 Comparison with other non-invasive techniques = 55
• 4.7 Summary and conclusions = 56
• References = 56
• CHAPTER FIVE Bioluminescent and Chemiluminescent Indicators for Molucular Signalling and Function in Living Cells / A.K. Campbell ; G. Sala-Newby = 58
• 5.1 The natural history of bio- and chemiluminescence = 58
• 5.2 The analytical potential of chemiluminescent compounds = 63
• 5.3 Application of chemi- and bioluminescence to living cells = 64
• 5.4 Bioluminescent reporter genes = 70
• 5.5 Engineering indicators for molecular signalling in live cells = 76
• 5.6 Conclusions and future prospects = 78
• References = 79
• CHAPTER SIX Acridine Orange as a Probe for Molecular and Cell Biology / A.V. Zelenin = 83
• 6.1 Introduction = 83
• 6.2 Historical remarks = 83
• 6.3 AO as a fluorescent dye = 84
• 6.4 Spectral properties of AO in complexes with nucleic acids and other biopolymers = 84
• 6.5 AO in the study of nucleic acids in vitro = 85
• 6.6 AO in nucelic acid cytochemistry = 85
• 6.7 AO staining after acid pretreatments = 87
• 6.8 AO in the study of DNA termal danaturation = 88
• 6.9 AO in the study of the chromatin functional state = 88
• 6.10 Fluorescence polarization of AO bound to DNA = 92
• 6.11 AO in chromosome bandin = 92
• 6.12 AO in acid mucopolysaccharide histocehmeistry = 92
• 6.13 AO binding to a living cell = 93
• 6.14 AO in the study of cell viability = 95
• 6.15 AO in the flow cytometry = 96
• 6.16 Other applications of AO = 96
• References = 96
• CHAPTER SEVEN Fluorescent Lipid Analogues : Applications in Cell and Membrane Biology / J.W. Kok ; D. Hoekstra = 100
• 7.1 Introduction = 100
• 7.2 Fluorescent lipid analogues = 102
• 7.3 Applications = 107
• References = 118
• CHAPTER EIGHT Probes for the Endoplasmic Reticulum / M. Terasaki = 120
• 8.1 Introduction = 120
• 8.2 Mechanism of staining by DiOC$$_{6}$$(3) = 120
• 8.3 Methods = 121
• 8.4 Identification of ER = 122
• References = 123
• CHAPTER NINE Probing Mitocondrail Membrane Potential in Living Cells by a J-Aggregate-Forming Dye / L.B. Chen ; S.T. Smiley = 124
• 9.1 Introduction = 124
• 9.2 Cell culture = 125
• 9.3 Staining of cells for microscopy = 125
• 9.4 Fluorescence microscopy = 125
• 9.5 Spectrophotmetric analysis = 125
• 9.6 Drugs and agents = 126
• 9.7 J-Aggregate-forming lipophilic cations = 126
• 9.8 J-Aggregates in living cells = 127
• 9.9 J-Aggregate formation is membrane potential dependent = 128
• 9.10 J-Aggregates in mitochondria of various cell types = 129
• 9.11 Discussion = 129
• References = 131
• CHATPTER TEN Optical Probes for Cyclic AMP / S.R. Adams ; B.J. Bacskai ; S.S. Taylor ; R.Y. Tsien = 133
• 10.1 Rationale for creating optical probes for cyclic AMP = 133
• 10.2 Previous methods for measuring cAMP or imaging related molecules = 134
• 10.3 Alternative cAMP binding sites = 135
• 10.4 Properties of A-kinase = 135
• 10.5 Fluorescent labelling of A-kanse = 137
• 10.6 Properties of FICRhR = 140
• 10.7 Introduction of FICRhR into cells = 143
• 10.8 Imaging of FICRhR and free cAMP = 144
• 10.9 Applications = 147
• References = 147
• CHAPTER ELEVEN Potentiomatric membrane dyes / L.M. Loew = 150
• 11.1 Introduction = 150
• 11.2 Optimization of dye indicator sensitivity = 151
• 11.3 Mapping membrane potential by digital fluorescence microscopy = 155
• 11.4 Conclusion = 158
• References = 159
• CHAPTER TWELVE Quantitative Real-Time Imaging of Optical Probes in Living Cells / W.T. Mason ; J. Hoyland ; I. Davison ; M. Carew ; B. Somasundaram ; R. Tregear ; R. Zorec ; P.M. Lledo ; G. Shankar ; M. Horton = 161
• 12.1 Introduction = 161
• 12.2 Mutidisciplinary advances = 162
• 12.3 Observing biological activity in 'real time' = 162
• 12.4 Chemical probes for function of living cells = 162
• 12.5 Real-time video imaging of ion-sensitive fluorescent dyes = 164
• 12.6 Photmetric detection versus laser scanning confocal versus dynamic video imaging = 165
• 12.7 Photometric technology = 167
• 12.8 Dynamic video ratio imaging of ions in cells = 168
• 12.9 Confocal laser scanning microscopy = 169
• 12.10 Resolution enhancement using deconvolution = 170
• 12.11 Low-light-level cameras for fluorescence ration imaging = 171
• 12.12 Light wavelength selection = 173
• 12.13 Computer hardware for fluorescence ration imagign = 174
• 12.14 Capturing and real-time processing of video signals = 176
• 12.15 Input and output = 178
• 12.16 Image processing : averaging background correction and ratioing = 178
• 12.17 Analysing digitized video images = 178
• 12.18 Presenting data = 178
• 12.19 Cell culture and loading of fluorescent probes = 179
• 12.20 Calibration of ion-sensitive dyes in living cells and in solution = 180
• 12.21 Intracellular method = 180
• 12.22 Biological applications of real-time quatitative microscopy = 181
• 12.23 Summary = 192
• Selected bibliography = 194
• CHAPTER THIRTEEN A Small-Area Cooled CCD Camera and Software for Fluorescence Ration Imaging / G.J. Law ; W. O'Brien = 196
• 13.1 Introduction = 196
• 13.2 Choosing the right equipment = 196
• 13.3 Optical probes = 197
• 13.4 Photon detection = 198
• 13.5 Small-area imaging system = 199
• 13.6 Data section = 200
• 13.7 Final comments = 202
• References = 202
• CHAPTER FOURTEEN Multiparameter Imaging of Cellular Function / G.R. Bright = 204
• 14.1 Introduction = 204
• 14.2 Fluorescent probes = 206
• 14.3 Data acquisition = 207
• 14.4 Data analysis = 212
• 14.5 Correlation with other recording modalities = 212
• 14.6 Computer aspects = 212
• 14.7 System description = 213
• 14.8 Conclusion = 214
• References = 214
• CHAPTER FIFTEEN Digital Image Analysis : Software Approaches and Applications / G.T. Relf = 216
• 15.1 Introduction = 216
• 15.2 Image processing and analysis = 217
• 15.3 Requirement for dual-wavelength fluorescence studies = 218
• References = 222
• CHAPTER SIXTEEN Fluorescent Probes in Practice-Potential Artifacts / J. Hoyland = 223
• 16.1 Introduction = 223
• 16.2 Photobleaching = 223
• 16.3 Dynamic range = 224
• 16.4 Probe loading = 225
• 16.5 Ion calibration = 225
• 16.6 Cell movement and fast ion fluxes = 226
• 16.7 Autofluorescence = 227
• 16.8 Interactions between multiple probes = 27
• 16.9 Averaging and intensificer noise = 227
• 16.10 Probe leakage and exocytosis = 228
• 16.11 Probe kinetics = 228
• References = 228
• CHAPTER SEVENTEEN Confocal Microscopy - Principles, Practice and Options / C.J.R. Sheppard = 229
• 17.1 Introduction = 229
• 17.2 Advantages of scanning = 229
• 17.3 Confocal microscopy = 230
• 17.4 Practical aspects = 233
• 17.5 System performance = 235
• References = 235
• CHAPTER EIGHTEEN Confocal Raman Microspectroscopy / G.J. Puppels ; M. van Rooijken ; C. Otto ; J. Greve = 237
• 18.1 Introduction = 237
• 18.2 Raman spectroscopy = 238
• 18.3 The confocla Raman microspectrometer (CRM) = 242
• 18.4 Applications = 245
• 18.5 Future development = 255
• References = 256
• CHAPTER NINETEEN Dual-Excitation Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy / I. Kurtz = 259
• 19.1 Introduction = 259
• 19.2 Measurement of pH$$_{i}$$ with BCECF = 259
• 19.3 Design of a dual-excitation laser scanning confocal fluorescence microscope for measuring pH$$_{i}$$ with BCECH = 260
• 19.4 Measurement of pH$$_{i}$$ in the cortical collecting tubule = 261
• 19.5 Measurement of endocytic vesicle pH = 262
• 19.6 Future developments = 262
• References = 262
• CHAPTER TWENTY Properties of Low-Light-Level Video Frame Rate Cameras / P. Tomkins ; A. Lyons = 264
• 20.1 Approaches to low-level-light imaging = 264
• 20.2 Image intensifiers, maximizing signal, minimizing noise = 265
• 20.3 Thermal noise = 265
• 20.4 Read-out noise = 266
• 20.5 Non-thermal noise = 266
• 20.6 Temporal characteristics of photocathode noise = 266
• 20.7 Gain use and abuse = 267
• 20.8 Spectral response = 268
• 20.9 ICCD camera resolution considerations = 268
• 20.10 The charge-coupled device = 269
• 20.11 Frame and line transfer sensors = 270
• 20.12 Integration of an ICCD into an image-processing system = 270
• 20.13 Concepts of video = 272
• 20.14 Photon counting imaging = 273
• 20.15 ICCDs, SITs and ISITs = 274
• 20.16 Defects and their minimization = 275
• CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE Properties of Low-Light-Level Slow-Sacn Detectors / R. Aikens = 277
• 21.1 Introduction = 277
• 21.2 Contemporary image-acquisition technology = 277
• 21.3 How CCDs work = 278
• 21.4 The high-performance slow-scan CCD camera = 280
• 21.5 Slow-scan CCD camera performance = 281
• 21.6 Applications of slow-scan CCD cameras = 284
• 21.7 Summary = 286
• References = 286
• CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO Fast Photometric Measurements of Cell Function Combined with Electrophysiology / J. Dempster = 287
• 22.1 Fluorescent light measurement = 288
• 22.2 A fluorescence／electrophysiological recording system = 288
• 22.3 The photomultiplier tube = 289
• 22.4 Dual-emission dye measurement systems = 291
• 22.5 Dual-excitation dye measurement systems = 291
• 22.6 Analogue signal digitization = 293
• 22.7 Software for recording fluorescence signals = 294
• 22.8 The 'chart recorder' paradigm = 294
• 22.9 The 'oscilloscope' paradigm = 294
• 22.10 Leak current subtraction = 295
• 22.11 Computer systems designs = 296
• 22.12 Conclusion = 297
• References = 297
• CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE Flow Cytometry : Use of Multiparameter Kinetics to Evaluate Several Activation Parameters Simultaneously in Individual Living Cells / E.R. Simons = 298
• 23.1 Introduction = 298
• 23.2 Fluorescent techniques-general advantages and disadvantages = 298
• 23.3 Flow cytometry for kinetic studies of cellular functions = 299
• 23.4 Time of onset of initial response = 300
• 23.5 Parameters which can be measured = 300
• 23.6 Classes of fluorescent probes = 301
• 23.7 Specific probes for parameters of cell function = 303
• 23.8 Non kinetic applications of relevance to multiparameter flow kinetic correlations = 306
• 23.9 Conclusion = 307
• References = 307
• CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR Flow Cytometric Analysis and Sorting of Viable Cells / J.F. Keij ; H. Herweijer = 310
• 24.1 Introduction = 310
• 24.2 Flow cytometer hardware = 310
• 24.3 Software for data acquisition and analysis = 315
• 24.4 Special-purpose modifications = 316
• 24.5 Applications = 317
• 24.6 Concluding remarks = 318
• References = 318
• CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE Introducting and Calibrating Fluorescent Probes in Cells and Organelles / D.A. Williams ; S.H. Cody ; P.N. Dubbin = 320
• 25.1 Introduction = 320
• 25.2 General principles of the loading process = 321
• 25.3 General principles of the calibration process = 323
• 25.4 Putting principles into practice = 323
• References = 323
• CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX Photolabile Caged Compounds / A. M. Gurney = 335
• 26.1 Introduction = 335
• 26.2 Properties of a photolabile probe = 336
• 26.3 The chemistry of photolabile compounds = 337
• 26.4 Application of photolabile probes studying biological pathways = 340
• 26.5 Potential of photolabile probes to studying biological pathways = 343
• 26.6 Conclusion = 346
• References = 347
• CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVEN Fluorescent Analogues : Optical Biosensors of the Chemical and Molecular Dynamics of Marcromolecules in Living Cells / K. Hahn ; J. Kolega ; J. Montibeller ; R. DeBasio ; P. Post ; J. Myers ; D.L. Taylor = 349
• 27.1 Introduction = 349
• 27.2 MeroCaM 1 and 2 : fluorescent indicators of calcium-calmodulin binding = 350
• 27.3 Fluorescent analogue of myosin Ⅱ = 352
• 27.4 Fluorescent analogue of myosin Ⅱ regulatory light chains : indicator of regulatory light chain phosphorylation = 355
• 27.5 Future studies = 357
• References = 358
• CHAPTER TWENTY-EIGHT Florescence and Lumineascence Techniques to Probe Ion Activities in Living Plant Cells / M. Fricker ; M. Tester ; S. Gilroy = 360
• 28.1 Introduction = 360
• 28.2 Tissue preparation = 360
• 28.3 Keeping cells happy - perfusion = 361
• 28.4 The nature of the experiment - how big a spanner in the works? = 362
• 28.5 Selection and use of fluorescent probes for Ca$$^{2+}$$ and H$$^{+}$$ = 363
• 28.6 Observation and measurement = 367
• 28.7 Quantitation = 368
• 28.8 Data presentation = 370
• 28.9 Photoproteins as indicators of [Ca$$^{2+}$$]$$_{i}$$ in plants = 370
• 28.10 Calcium measurements = 373
• 28.11 pH measurements = 374
• 28.12 Probes for other compartments = 374
• 28.13 Future prospects = 375
• References = 376
• CHAPTER TWENTY-NINE Assessment of Gap Junctional Intercellular Communication in Living Cells Using Fluorescence Techniques / A.W. de Feijter ; J.E. Trosko ; M.H. Wade = 378
• 29.1 Introduction = 378
• 29.2 Materials and methods = 380
• 29.3 Results = 382
• 29.4 Discussion = 385
• References = 387
• CHAPTER THIRTY Fast Multisite Optical Measurement of Membrane Potential / J-Y. Wu ; L.B. Cohen = 389
• 30.1 Introduction = 389
• 30.2 Some optical signals are potential-dependent = 389
• 30.3 Choosing absorption, birefringence or fluorescence = 391
• 30.4 Dyes = 393
• 30.5 Measuring technology = 394
• 30.6 Trade-offs in the choice of recoding systems = 402
• 30.7 Future developments = 403
• References = 403
• CHAPTER THIRTY-ONE Photoactivation of Fluorescence as a Probe for Cytoskeletal Dynamics in Mitosis and Cell Motility / K.E. Sawin ; J.A. Theriot ; T.J. Mitchison = 405
• 31.1 Introduction = 405
• 31.2 Photoactivatable fluorescent probes = 407
• 31.3 A computer-controlled, multiple-channel fluorescence microscope for photoactivation = 409
• 31.4 Experiments using photoactivation of fluorescence = 413
• 31.5 Future prospects and conclusions = 418
• References = 418
• CHAPTER THIRTY-TWO Video Imaging of Lipid Order / K. Florine-Casteel ; J.L. Lemasters ; B. Herman = 420
• 32.1 Introduction = 420
• 32.2 Theory = 420
• 32.3 Experiment = 423
• 32.4 Biological applications = 424
• References = 425
• Index = 427