According to various archaeological findings, humans have performed death rituals since prehistoric times. Such rituals functioned as a means of coping with the psychological shock of death and reinforcing communal bonds. In this respect, death ritual...
According to various archaeological findings, humans have performed death rituals since prehistoric times. Such rituals functioned as a means of coping with the psychological shock of death and reinforcing communal bonds. In this respect, death rituals can be understood as an instinctive behavior essential for the survival of humans as social beings. Rituals typically employ a variety of tangible and intangible symbols, especially in funerary contexts, where these symbols mediate between the sacred and the secular. Bereaved families, in particular, have historically found comfort and relief through these symbolic elements of death rituals.
In the relatively recent past of the Joseon Dynasty, a range of symbolic objects—such as shrouds (su-ui), mourning attire (sangbok), and funeral biers (sang-yeo)—were used, each contributing in unique ways to the mourning process of the bereaved. However, modern funeral practices have undergone significant changes due to colonial influence, industrialization, and urbanization, leading to a disconnection from traditional forms and meanings. Consequently, contemporary bereaved individuals face a lack of culturally resonant and emotionally supportive symbolic media during mourning.
Symbolic ritual objects intended to assist the deceased and console the bereaved are found in many cultures, including China, Japan, and Egypt. However, unlike grave goods (bu-jang-pum) buried with the dead, these symbols remain above ground and serve specific ritual functions. One such example is the kkokdu, a decorative figure attached to the funeral bier in late Joseon funerary processions. The kkokdu played a dual role of guiding the deceased and comforting the bereaved, embodying a rich symbolic and artistic heritage unique to Korean culture. Despite its cultural significance, the kkokdu has largely disappeared from contemporary funeral practices.
This study aims to explore how the kkokdu, as a traditional symbolic object of Korean funerary rites, can be reinterpreted and applied from a modern perspective to support the mourning process of bereaved families. The research consists of five main areas:
First, it examines the transformation of funeral rituals in Korean society from the late Joseon period to the present, focusing on changes in symbolic objects.
Second, it investigates the function of funerary rites and the mourning process to identify their interrelationship.
Third, it analyzes the symbolic meanings and roles of traditional funerary symbols through representative examples.
Fourth, it explores the concept, symbolism, and aesthetic characteristics of the kkokdu as a research subject.
Fifth, based on the above findings, it proposes strategies for reinterpretation and application of the kkokdu as a modern funerary cultural content to assist the bereaved.
Through this study, the kkokdu is presented as a cultural medium that reflects contemporary changes while preserving the traditional values of Korean funerary culture, offering new possibilities for meaningful and culturally rooted mourning practices.