법관지배형 사법행정의 분권주의적 기초 : 미국연방사법행정의 현황과 역사 = Judges’ Control of Judicial Administration and Decentralization Principle : The Past and Present of United States Judicial Administration System

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

South Korea and the United States have a common point in that their judicial administration systems are being controlled by judges. Why then the United States does not seem to have chronic disease similar to what the Korean judiciary has recently revealed? American society has a deep-rooted tradition of federalism, decentralization, and individualism. The introduction of federal judicial administration agencies such as United States Judicial Conference (1922) and Administrative Office of the United States Courts (1939) was achieved by centripetal forces towards national and unified judicial administration, but as a compromise with centrifugal forces of federalism and decentralization. Efforts for judicial reform by attorneys general during the pre-1939 years were largely in vain and have resulted in the transfer of judicial administration power from the Department of Justice to the Judiciary. Despite of continuing trends toward centralization since then, centrifugal forces of federalism, decentralization, and individualism are still robust in the structure of federal courts and judicial administration system.
In a long-standing bureaucratic culture in the judiciary like that of South Korea, judges’ control of judicial administration seems to raise the possibility of infringement on judicial independence from inside. Korean society has to meet the requests for more decentralized judicial administration system and more secured guarantee of the status of judges.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

우리나라와 미국연방은 법관들이 사법행정을 지휘･감독한다는 점에서 공통적이다. 그럼에도 불구하고 어째서 미국연방은 우리의 사법행정이 노정해온 고질적인 문제점들을 보여주지 않는 것일까.
미국사회는 태생적으로 연방주의, 분권주의, 개인주의 문화를 간직하고 있다. 20세기 전반 연방사법회의(1922)와 연방법원행정처(1939) 등 사법행정기구의 설치는 사법행정을 중앙집권화하려는 구심력이 이러한 연방주의적･분산주의적 원심력과 타협하는 과정에서 성취되었다. 종래 연방법무부의 개혁시도는 큰 성과를 내지 못했고 1939년 사법행정권이 사법부로 이양되는 결과를 가져왔다. 이후로도 중앙집권화 경향은 지속되었으나 연방주의, 분권주의, 개인주의 문화는 법원조직과 사법행정에 여전히 강하게 뿌리내리고 있다.
오랫동안 관료법관제 조직문화를 유지해온 한국사회에서 법관지배형 사법행정은 사법의 독립을 내부적으로 위태롭게 할 위험성을 안고 있다. 사법행정권을 보다 분권화하고 법관의 신분을 더 두텁게 보장하는 방향으로 변화가 요청되는 시점이다.

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