재생산권 개념의 역사화·정치화를 위한 시론 = Reproductive Rights: Placing the Concept in a Historical and Political Context

국문 초록 (Abstract)

1994년 카이로 국제인구회의와 1995년 북경 세계여성대회에서 제시된 재생산권 개념은 오늘날국제기구의 공식 문서부터 개인들의 일상적 담화에 이르기까지 매우 광범위하게 사용되고 있다. 재생산권은 거의 인권과 마찬가지로 보편적 정당성을 획득한 것처럼 보이기도 하고, 인권이 자명한 것으로 이해되듯이 재생산권은 당연해 보이기까지 한다. 한편 재생산권 개념은 상당히 혼란스럽게 사용되기도 한다. 예를 들어 오늘날 소위 생명권 논자들은 여성의 건강을 위한다는 재생산권 개념을 거론하면서 낙태를 반대한다. 새로운 재생산기술로 빈곤 국가 여성들의 난자와 자궁을 거래하는 것을 구매자의 재생산권 실현으로 정당화하기도 한다.
이 연구는 재생산권을 역사적이고 정치적인 산물로 보고자 한다. 재생산권은 1990년대 국제 정치의장에서 보편인권체제가 확립된 배경에서 출현하였으며, 한편으로는 종교적 근본주의에 대항하면서도 다른 한편으로는 인구 및 개발 담론과 긴장관계를 맺으면서 그 구체적 내용을 확보하였다. 여성에게 재생산권리가 있다는 것이 인정되기란 쉽지 않은 과정이었다. 인권의 역사가 보여주듯이 여성은 어떤 집단보다도 가장 늦게 권리를 획득한 집단이었고 재생산은 공동체의 사활이 걸린 문제로 간주되었기 때문이다.
재생산권 개념을 역사적·정치적으로 분석한 결과 도달한 결론은 재생산권은 완결된 성취가 아니라 미완의 과제라는 것이다. 1990년대 중반의 재생산권 정립은 인구 및 개발 프레임에서 완전히 벗어나지 못하였다. 재생산권의 구체적 내용이 확장되고 확보되는 것은, 선언이나 비준을 통해서가 아니라 여성의 불평등한 상황을 둘러싼 성별 정치의 투쟁을 통해서였다. 이러한 점에서 재생산권은 여전히 성취의 과정 중에 있으며 현실 정치에서의 구체적 변화만이 재생산권이 목표로 했던 이상을 실현시킬 수 있을 것이다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The concept of reproductive rights was confirmed in 1994 at the InternationalConference on Population and Development in Cairo, and in 1995 at the FourthWorld Conference on Women held in Beijing. Since then the term has beenwidely used in diverse contexts: we read it in the official documents ofinternational organizations and hear it in casual conversations among people. Onthe surface it appears that reproductive rights have gained the universal legitimacyand self-evidence of human rights. The terminology, however, is often used in aconfusing way. For example, the proponents of the so-called “right to life”movement mention reproductive rights in their anti-abortion campaigns, claimingthe term supports their aim to “protect” women's health. The term has even beenused to justify the buying and selling of the ovaries and uteruses of women indeveloping countries, a situation made possible by new reproductive technologiesand the realization of reproductive rights at the buying end.
The purpose of this study is to de-familiarize the terminology “reproductiverights.” That is, instead of being viewed as a natural concept, the term will bedealt with as a historical and political construct. Women's reproductive rightsemerged in the 1990s, when the human rights regime was generally accepted inthe arena of international politics. It has since fought its way against religiousfundamentalism and evolved through interaction with population and developmentdiscourse. The road leading up to the recognition of women's reproductive rightshas been a long, hard one. Firstly, the history of human rights shows that women have always been the last group to win such rights. Secondly, reproductive rightsissues have always been deemed particularly problematic due to their profoundsignificance not just for family units and communities but for whole states.
After placing and examining the concept of reproductive rights in the contextsof history and politics, I conclude that the term “reproductive rights” refers not toa completed achievement, but to an unfinished, ongoing task. The notion of theconcept established in the 1990s had its limitations in that it was confined to thepopulation and development framework. What led to and eventually expandedthe concrete contents of “reproductive rights” was not declarations or ratificationsbut constant struggle against unfair gender politics. For this reason, I assert thatreproductive rights are still a “work in progress,” and that their true realization isdependent upon, first and foremost, bringing about significant change in actual,real-world politics.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 United Nations, United Nations 1994

2 United Nations, United Nations 1976

3 하정옥, "한국 생명윤리 담론의 탈젠더성에 대한 비판-난자와 배아의 탈구화를 중심으로－" 한국여성연구소 2007 (2007): 199-226, 2007

4 조영미, "출산의 의료화와 여성의 재생산권" 한국여성학회 20 (20): 67-97, 2004

5 이선순, "재생산권으로서의 낙태에 관한 법여성학적 고찰" 16 (16): 109-132, 2006

6 하정옥, "임신한 여성의 결정과 자율성 ─ 생명윤리, 여성의 경험에 귀 기울이라 ─" 한국여성연구소 10 (10): 1-34, 2010

7 김왕배, "인권으로서의 건강권에 대한 탐색과 전망" 한국보건사회학회 (32) : 5-18, 2012

8 Rebecca J. Cook, "여성의 건강과 인권: 국제인권법을 통한 여성건강의 보호와 증진" 한울 1995

9 하정옥, "숫자를 (재)생산하는 몸, 도구화된 여성 건강: 저출산 정책으로서의 <난임(불임)부부지원사업>에 대한 고찰" 한국여성학회 28 (28): 35-69, 2012

10 신영전, "사회권으로서의 건강권: 지표개발 및 적용가능성을 중심으로" 비판과대안을위한사회복지학회/비판과대안을위한건강정책학회 (32) : 181-222, 2011

11 김선혜, "불임치료시술경험과 재생산권" 19 : 100-125, 2008

12 Pateman, "남과 여, 은폐된 성적 계약" 이후 2001

13 양현아, "낙태죄에서 재생산권으로" 서울대 공익인권법센터 2005

14 심상덕, "낙태와 낙태" 푸른솔 2011

15 신영전, "건강보험 통합 쟁취사" 141 : 4-8, 2010

16 신영전, "건강권 확보를 위한 사회적 전제" 28 : 18-20, 2001

17 Raymond J. G., "Women as Wombs: Reproductive Technologies and the Battle over Women’s Freedom" HarperSanFrancisco 1993

18 Talbott W. J., "Which Rights Should Be Universal?" Oxford University Press 2005

19 Brown G. F., "United Nations International Conference on Population, Mexico City, 6-13 August 1984" 15 (15): 296-302, 1984

20 Benhabib S, "The Rights of Others: Aliens, Residents, and Citizens" Cambridge University Press 2004

21 Ehrenreigh N, "The Reproductive Rights Reader: Law, Medicine, and the Construction of Motherhood" New York University Press 2008

22 Gooddale M., "The Practice of Human Rights: Tracking Law Between the Global and the Local" Cambridge University Press 2007

23 Hartmann B, "The Changing Faces of Population Control, In Women Policing the National Body. Race, Gender, and Criminalization" South End Press 259-289, 2002

24 Petchesky R. P, "The Body as Property: A Feminist Re-vision, In Conceiving the New World Order: The Global Politics of Reproduction" University of California Press 387-406, 1995

25 Germain A., "Setting a New Agenda: Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights, In Population Policies Reconsidered: Health, Empowerment, and Rights" Harvard University Press 27-46, 1994

26 Correa S, "Reproductive and Sexual Rights: A Feminist Perspective, In Population Policies Reconsidered: Health, Empowerment, and Rights" Harvard University Press 107-123, 1994

27 Cook R. J., "Reproductive Health and Human Rights: Integrating Medicine, Ethics, and Law" Oxford University Press 2003

28 Christman J, "Relational Autonomy, Liberal Individualism, and the Social Construction of Selves" 117 (117): 143-164, 2004

29 Schultz S, "Redefining and Medicalizing Population Policies: NGOs and Their Innovative Contributions to the Post-Cairo Agenda, In Markets and Malthus: Population, Gender, and Health in Neo-liberal Times" SAGE Publications India 173-214, 2010

30 Nedelsky J, "Reconceiving Autonomy: Sources, Thoughts and Possibilities" 1 (1): 7-36, 1989

31 United Nations, "Proclamation of Teheran" 1968

32 Gruskin S, "Perspectives on Health and Human Rights" Routledge 2005

33 Sherwin S, "Normalizing Reproductive Technologies and the Implications for Autonomy, In Globalizing Feminist Bioethics: Crosscultural Perspectives" Westview Press 96-113, 2001

34 Petchesky R. P, "Negotiating Reproductive Rights: Women's Perspectives Across Countries and Cultures" Zed Books 1998

35 Hunt L, "Inventing Human Rights: A History" W. W. Norton & Company 2007

36 Wilson R. A, "Introduction: The Social Life of Rights, In Human Rights in Global Perspective: Anthropological Studies of Rights, Claims and Entitlements" Routledge 1-15, 2003

37 Petchesky R. P, "Introduction, In Negotiating Reproductive Rights: Women's Perspectives Across Countries and Cultures" Zed Books 1-30, 1998

38 Freedman L. P, "Human Rights and Reproductive Choice" 24 (24): 18-30, 1993

39 Mann J. M, "Health and Human Rights" Routledge 1999

40 Robinson M, "Foreword, In Where Human Rights Begin: Health, Sexuality, and Women in the New Millennium, ix－xi" Rutgers University Press 2005

41 Meyers D, "Feminist Perspectives on the Self" Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

42 Babbitt S, "Feminism and Objective Interests: The Role of Transformation Experiences in Rational Deliberation, In Feminist Epistemologies" Routledge 245-264, 1993

43 Petchesky R. P, "Cross-country Comparisons and Political Visions, In Negotiating Reproductive Rights: Women's Perspectives Across Countries and Cultures" Zed Books 295-323, 1998

44 Ginsburg F. D., "Conceiving the New World Order: The Global Politics of Reproduction" University of California Press 1995

45 Schwartzman L. H., "Challenging Liberalism: Feminism as Political Critique" The Pennsylvania State University Press 2006

46 Lader L, "Breeding Ourselves to Death" Seven Books 1971