남중국해 중국의 인공섬 건설에 관한 법적 고찰 - 남사군도의 7개 인공섬들을 중심으로 - = A Legal Study on the China’s Artificial Islands in the South China Sea - Seven Artificial Islands in the Spratly Islands -

국문 초록 (Abstract)

남중국해의 해양분쟁은 해양자원에 관한 국가들의 이해관계에서 비롯되었는데, 특히 중국은 남사군도의 7개 해양지형들에 인공섬을 건설하고 군사시설을 구축하고 있다.
이와 같이 중국이 인공섬을 건설하는 것에 대한 문제점은 다음과 같다.
첫째, 중국이 인공섬을 건설하는 것은 일반국제법원칙이나 해양법협악에 의하면 일응 합법적이라고 할 수 있다.
둘째, 그럼에도 불구하고 해양법협약에 의하면 인공섬이 기초한 남중국해의 해양지형들은 섬이나 바위섬이 아니므로 영해나 해양관할권을 갖지 못하는데, 이는 2016년 필리핀과 중국의 국제중재판정에서도 인정하고 있다.
셋째, 남중국해의 해양지형들에 대하여 다른 연안국들과 영유권분쟁이 존재하고 있으므로 어느 국가가 해당 해양지형을 일방적으로 점거하고 인공섬을 건설하는 것은 부당하다고 본다.
넷째, 남중국해에 있는 대부분의 해양지형들은 산호초로 구성되어 있으므로 인공섬을 건설하는 것은 해양생태계를 돌이킬 수 없을 정도의 환경파괴를 야기할 우려가 있다.
다섯째, 중국이 남중국해 해양지형들에 인공섬을 건설하고 군사기지를 설치하는 것은 다른 국가들의 ‘항해의 자유’에 대한 위협이다.
여섯째, 중국이 처음에는 인공섬을 건설하는 이유가 해양과학조사라고 하였으나 대부분의 인공섬에 군사기지를 건설하는 것은 자국의 해양영토확장이라는 국가이익을 극단적으로 주장하고 있는데, 이는 국제사회에 대한 ‘신의성실의 원칙’에 위배되는 것이다.
중국의 인공섬 건설과 그 문제점과 관련하여 남중국해의 해양분쟁을 평화적으로 해결할 수 있는 방안은, 남중국해 해양지형들에 대한 영유권 분쟁을 평화적으로 해결하기 위하여 기존의 ASIAN이나 지역협력체를 설립하여 해결하는 것이 필요하며, 중국이 인공섬의 인근 해역에 영해, 배타적 경제수역 및 대륙붕을 주장하고 있는 것에 대하여 국제사회가 중국이 ‘법에 의한 지배’로 정책을 전환할 수 있도록 지속적인 압박을 가하는 것이 필요하다. 중국은 새로운 해양전략에 의하여 군사적 목적의 인공섬을 건설하는 것으로 입장을 변화하였는데, 중국의 해양확장정책을 중단기적인 측면에서 저지할 수 있는 전략이 필요하며, 미국 뿐만 아니라 일본, 호주, 인도 등이 공동으로 ‘항해자유작전’에 참여하여 중국으로 하여금 ‘협력에 의한 공존’으로 나오도록 유도할 필요가 있으며 남중국해의 연안국들과 미국을 비롯한 남중국해 비연안국들과의 협력을 강화해야 한다.
이상과 같은 점을 볼 때에 우리나라에 대한 정책적 시사점은 다음과 같다.
첫째, 우리가 독도에 해양과학기지를 건설하고자 하는 것은 합법적인 주권행사이므로 그 법적 근거에 대한 심층적인 연구를 준비해야 할 것이다.
둘째, 일본이 ‘오끼노 도리시마’라는 조그만 바위에 인공방벽을 건설하고 그 인근 해역에 영해나 해양관할권을 주장하는 것은 명백히 불법한 행위이다. 앞으로 일본의 주장이 부당하고 불법이라는 것을 반박하고 국제사회의 여론을 환기해야 할 것이다.
셋째, 우리의 ‘이어도 해양과학기지’는 그 동안 인접국가와 인근을 항해하는 선박들에 대하여 유용한 기상자료를 제공하여 왔으므로, 우리가 건설하여 운영하고 있는 ‘이어도 해양과학기지’는 그 법적 근거가 정당하고 합법적일 뿐만 아니라 해양에 관한 국제협력의 중요한 사례라는 점을 국제사회에 적극적 ...

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The disputes in the South China Sea arise from the interests of nations on marine resources, especially China, which is constructing artificial islands and building military facilities on seven maritime features of the Splatly Islands.
The problem of China’s construction of artificial islands is as follows;First, it is legal to construct artificial islands according to the principle of general international law or the 1982 UNCLOS.
Second, according to the 1982 UNCLOS, several maritime features of the South China Sea based on artificial islands are not islands or rocks, and thus do not have territorial or maritime jurisdictions, which are also recognized by the 2016 PCA Award between Philippines and China.
Third, it is unfair for any country to unilaterally occupy the maritime feature and to construct artificial islands because there is a territorial dispute with the other coastal countries regarding the maritime features of the South China Sea.
Fourth, since most of the maritime features in the South China Sea are composed of coral reefs, building artificial islands is likely to cause irreversible environmental destruction of marine ecosystems.
Fifth, China’s construction of artificial islands and the establishment of military bases on the maritime feature in the South China Sea is a threat to ’the freedom of navigation’ in other countries.
Sixth, first time China insisted that the reason of constructing an artificial island was for the marine scientific research, but these days China constructed military bases on artificial islands for the national interest of expanding its maritime territory, It is against the principle of ‘good faith’.
It is necessary to establish and resolve existing ASIAN or regional partnership in order to peacefully settle the sovereignty dispute in the South China Sea and it needs for the international community to continue to press China to change its policy to ‘rule by law’ as China insists on territorial waters, exclusive economic zones and the continental shelf near the artificial islands. China has changed its position by building military bases on the artificial islands by a new maritime strategy. It needs a strategy to stop China’s marine expansion policy from a short-term point of view. It is necessary to jointly participate in the ‘Navigation Freedom Operation’ to induce China to coexist by cooperation and strengthen cooperation with the coastal states of the South China Sea and the non-coastal countries of the South China Sea including the United States.
The policy implications for Korea are as follows.
First, Since we would like to build a maritime science base on Dokdo is a legitimate exercise of sovereignty, we should prepare an in-depth study of its legal basis.
Second, it is obviously illegal for Japan to construct artificial barriers on a small rock called ‘Okina-tori-shima’ and to claim maritime or maritime jurisdiction over the nearby sea. It needs to stop the Japan’s illegal insist and call for public opinion in the international community.
Third, our ‘Ieodo Marine Science Base’ which we had constructed and operated, has provided usable weather data for vessels navigating neighboring countries and neighboring areas. It is necessary to actively promote the international community that it is an important example of international cooperation on maritime as well as legitimate and legal.

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