This paper argues that William James's pragmatic vision was already prefigured in nineteenth-century American romance novels, particularly in Herman Melville's Moby-Dick. Underlying this project is the assumption that James's pragmatism is aligned wit...
This paper argues that William James's pragmatic vision was already prefigured in nineteenth-century American romance novels, particularly in Herman Melville's Moby-Dick. Underlying this project is the assumption that James's pragmatism is aligned with the American romance in that these two products of American imagination and culture share the anti-metaphysical impulses which refuse to be nostalgic about the absolute and timeless truth. As opposed to the metaphysical desire for certainty, closure and finality in the quest for truth, pragmatism, especially the Jamesian version of it, espouses a forward-looking pluralism that celebrates changes. diversity and alternative possibilities. In Moby-Dick such pragmatic impulses are configured by Ishmael, the fiction's hero-narrator, who is willing to socialize with things different, mutable and plural. Unlike Captain Ahab who sees everything allegorically, Ishmael represents, what Giles Gunn called, "the new consciousness" which views things as symbols fraught with the multiple connotations. This allows him to discover and appreciate the attractions of the alternative possibilities inherent in the pluralistic and fragmented nature of meaning and truth. Ishmael's pragmatic temperament is most clearly illustrated in chapter 99 (The Doubloon) and chapter 42 (The Whiteness of the Whale) of the fiction. In Moby-Dick, Ishmael's consciousness echoes James's notion of ego in that it is not a Kantian transcendental ego but something that is placed within experience itself. Thus, Ishmael's self in Moby-Dick is less foundational than functional and performative, and his role as the narrator of the fiction freely shifts from the first person to the third omniscient point of view. This enables him to experience and register the plurality of meaning and truth in the text. Ishmael's rhetoric of incompletion also serves a pragmatic purpose by inducing the reader to become active and imaginative participants in creating the textual meanings rather than passive recipients of them. To be sure, what Ishmael does in Moby-Dick anticipates the pragmatic method James proposes in his essay "What Pragmatism Means". James regards his pragmatic method "less as a solution, than as a program for more work".