스웨덴 지역환경정책 거버넌스의 변화와 특징 연구 -지방의제21(LA21), 녹색성장 지역투자프로그램(LIP), 기후변화투자프로그램(Klimp)의 사례- = A Study of Shifts in Swedish Local Environmental Governance : A Case Study of LA21, LIP and Klimp

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This article purports to explore how the recent local environmental governance has changed in Sweden. The research analyzes three programs: Local Agenda 21 (LA21), Local Investment Program (LIP) for 'Green Growth' and Climate Investment Program (Klimp). The study examines literature on sustainable development and environmental policy mainly in Nordic countries as well as official and academic reviews on the three programs. Interviews with local officials were also used.
The results of the analysis indicate: (1) The traditional plural participatory governance emphasized in LA21 has shifted to 'new environmental governance', which centers the technological industry, specialized interests and the government in local green networks with LIP and Klimp. This feature reflects the fact that most financial support under the two programs focused on the field of environment-friendly technology in energy and transport. (2) The 'new environmental governance' has counteractively stimulated academic and civic efforts to recruit 'missing citizens' for more democratic local governance. (3) LIP and Klimp have changed the existing decentralized and bottom-up policy process into centralized and top-down one, employing a financially competitive mechanism, which was unfamiliar to Swedish public organizations when LIP started. (4) The Swedish government, academia and society as a whole have attempted to create or develop voluntary networks at the local level and foster learning systems to share information and knowledge from different municipalities' and stakeholders' experiences, when designing a new program.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 최근 20년간 스웨덴 지방자치단체가 경험한 주요 환경정책을 검토하여 거버넌스의 특징이 어떻게 변화하였는지 분석하고 그에 따른 시사점을 도출한 것이다. 구체적인 사례로 지방의제21(LA21), 녹색성장 지역투자프로그램(LIP), 기후변화투자프로그램(Klimp)을 선정하고 이에 관한 정부 보고서, 유럽연합과 OECD 보고서, 학술문헌, 그리고 스웨덴의 환경정책 일반에 관한 문헌 조사를 기본으로 하였다. 인구 900만의 스웨덴에서 특정 프로그램에 대한, 특히 영문 자료에는 한계가 있지만 현지조사를 통해 최대한 문헌을 확보하고 지방자치단체 공무원들의 면담내용을 보완적으로 활용하였다.
자율성과 독립성의 전통이 강한 스웨덴 지자체들은 최근 세 환경정책을 연이어 거치면서 중앙정부로부터의 하향적 집권적 리더십과 정책운영 방식을 경험하였다. 또한 기존의 다원적이고 민주적인 참여 지향성에서 산업계를 비롯한 특수화․조직화된 이해관계 중심으로 네트워크 성격이 전환되었으며 구체적인 문제 해결 중심의 미시적 효과성이 중시되었다.
이른바 신환경거버넌스라고 불리는 산업계와 전문화된 이해관계자 중심의 거버넌스는 에너지와 교통 분야의 친환경 기술에 대한 대규모 투자가 핵심인데 이는 재정지출의 효과성을 추구하는 정부의 현실적인 전략이라는 측면도 있었다. 신환경거버넌스에 대해 시민참여와 전통 민주주의, 그리고 사회의 근본 체계 역량과 관련된 이른바 거시적 효과성을 지향하는 거버넌스가 손상된다는 우려와 논쟁이 높아지고 있다.
스웨덴의 지역 환경정책 사례는 특정 프로그램을 논의할 때 프로그램의 내용이나 성과 이상으로 지역사회 네트워크 형성과 개발에 관심을 둔다는 점, 경험을 통한 지식 창출과 그에 대한 상호학습 및 지식공유를 중시한다는 점, 정책 기조 설정에는 중앙정부가 강력한 리더십을 발휘하지만 구체적인 전략 수립과 운영에서는 여전히 지자체의 자율권을 보장한다는 점, 정책과정에 시민 일반과 폭넓은 이해관계자를 참여시키고 소통을 드높이기 위한 노력이 행해지고 있다는 등의 특징을 나타내고 있는데, 이는 우리나라 관련 정책에도 시사하는 바가 크다.

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