Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignant disease worldwide and remains a major cause of cancer-related mortality despite advances in treatment. Although molecularly guided precision therapies have been developed, outcomes for pat...
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignant disease worldwide and remains a major cause of cancer-related mortality despite advances in treatment. Although molecularly guided precision therapies have been developed, outcomes for patients with advanced or metastatic CRC remain unsatisfactory. Chicken Ovalbumin Upstream Promoter-Transcription Factor II (COUP-TFII; NR2F2), an orphan nuclear receptor of the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor superfamily, regulates diverse biological processes, including transcription, angiogenesis, and development. Previous studies have associated COUP-TFII expression with favorable prognosis and reduced metastasis in CRC; however, its tumor-suppressive mechanisms remain unclear.
This study investigated the biological functions and downstream molecular mechanisms of COUP-TFII using CRC cell lines with different endogenous levels through gain- and loss-of-function approaches. Functional, transcriptomic, molecular, rescue, and xenograft assays were performed. COUP-TFII overexpression inhibited cell proliferation, invasion, spheroid formation, and in vivo tumorigenicity, whereas COUP-TFII knockdown produced the opposite effects. Transcriptomic and network analyses identified Yin Yang 1 (YY1) as a major downstream target of COUP-TFII. YY1 expression was inversely correlated with COUP-TFII levels and was closely associated with malignant phenotypes. Consistent with its established oncogenic roles in CRC progression, metastasis, cancer stemness, and therapeutic resistance, YY1 expression was suppressed by COUP-TFII at both mRNA and protein levels, with reduced expression of CD44 and ERBB2. YY1 restoration reversed the inhibitory effects of COUP-TFII on cell proliferation, invasion, and spheroid formation, while also restoring CD44 and ERBB2 expression. In contrast, YY1 modulation did not alter COUP-TFII levels, indicating that COUP-TFII functions upstream of YY1. Mechanistically, RT-qPCR analyses showed that COUP-TFII regulates YY1 transcription, and luciferase reporter and ChIP assays demonstrated direct binding of COUP-TFII to regulatory regions within the YY1 enhancer/promoter. This transcriptional repression was attenuated by histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, indicating that COUP-TFII represses YY1 expression through an HDAC-dependent epigenetic mechanism.
In conclusion, this study identifies the COUP-TFII-YY1 axis as a key regulatory pathway in CRC progression. These findings suggest that COUP-TFII acts as a transcriptional repressor and epigenetic regulator that restrains oncogenic programs by directly suppressing YY1 transcription, thereby inhibiting downstream CD44- and ERBB2-associated pathways. Thus, these results suggest that the COUP-TFII-YY1 signaling axis may serve as a promising prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for CRC.