Toxicokinetic and Toxicodynamic Models for Ecological Risk Assessment

국문 초록 (Abstract)

오염물질에 대한 생태위해성평가(ecological risk assessment)를 위해서는 노출평가(exposure assessment) 와 함께 생물영향에 대한 평가(effect assessment)를 수행해야 한다. 노출평가의 경우는 지화학적 과정에 대한 이해를 바탕으로 환경농도를 예측하기 위한 화학평형모델이나 다매체환경거동모델 등 다양한 평가 및 예측모델을 활용해 왔다. 이와 달리 생물영향평가는 실험실 조건에서 제한된 독성자료를 대상으로 외 부노출농도에 기반한 농도-반응관계를 통계적 방법을 통해서 추정하는 ‘ì경험적 모델(empirical model)’ì에 주로 의존해 왔다. 최근에 와서 생체 내 잔류량을 기반으로 농도-시간-반응관계를 기술하고 예측하는 독성동태학 및 독성역학 모델(toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic model)과 같은 독성작용에 기반한 모델(processbased model)들이 개발되어 활용되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 여러 종류의 독성동태학 및 독성역학 모델을 소개하고, 이를 통계적 추론에 기반한 전통적인 독성학 모델과 비교하였다. 서로 다른 종류의 독성동태학 및 독성역학 모델로부터 도출된 노출농도-시간-반응관계식을 비교하고, 동일 독성기작을 보이는 오염물질 그룹 내에서 미측정 오염물질의 독성을 예측할 수 있게 해주는 구조-활성관계(Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, QSAR) 모델을 여러 독성동태 및 독성역학모델로부터 유도하였다. 마지막으로 독성동태학 및 독성역학 파라미터를 추정하기 위한 실험계획을 제안하였고, 앞으로 독성동태학 및 독성역학 모델을 생태계 위해성평가에 활용하기 위해서 해결해야 될 연구과제를 검토하였다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Luoma SN, "Why is metal bioaccumulation so variable? Biodynamics as a unifying concept" 39 : 1921-1931, 2005

2 Sijm DTHM, "Toxicolinetics of halogenated benzenes in fish-lethal body burden as a toxicological end-point" 12 : 1117-1127, 1993

3 Landrum PF, "Toxicokinetics and toxicity of sediment-associated pyrene and phenanthrene in Diporeia spp.: examination of equilibrium-partitioning theory and residue-based effect for assessing hazard" 13 : 1769-1780, 1994

4 Lee J-H, "Toxicokinetics and time-dependent PAH toxicity in the amphipod Hyalella azteca" 36 : 3124-3130, 2002

5 van Hoogen G, "Toxicokinetic of chlorobenzenes in fish" 7 : 213-219, 1988

6 Cox C, "Threshold dose-response models in toxicology" 43 : 511-524, 1987

7 Newman MC, "The individual tolerance concept in not the sole explanation for the probit doseeffect model" 19 : 520-526, 2000

8 Kooijman SALM, "The analysis of Aquatic Toxicity Data" VU University Press 1996

9 Gerritsen A, "The acute toxicity of selected alkylphenols to young and adult Daphnia magna" 39 : 227-232, 1998

10 Di Toro DM, "Technical basis for narcotic chemicals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon criteria. I. Water and tissue" 19 : 1951-1970, 2000

11 Finney DJ, "Statistical method in biological assay" Charles Griffin 1978

12 McCarty LS, "Residue-based interpretation of toxicity and bioconcentration QSARs from aquatic bioassays: neutral narcotic organics" 11 : 917-930, 1992

13 Hawker DW, "Relationships between partition coefficient, uptake rate constants, and the time to equilibrium for bioaccumulation" 14 : 1205-1219, 1985

14 Herman JLM, "Quantitative structure-activity relationships of environmental pollutants. in: Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Vol. 2E. Reactions and Processes" Springer Verleg 111-162, 1989

15 Filov VA, "Quantitative Toxicology" Selected Topics 1979

16 Barnthouse LW, "Quantifying population recovery rates for ecological risk assessment" 23 (23): 500-508, 2003

17 Lee J-H, "Prediction of timedependent PAH toxicity in Hyalella azteca using a damage assessment model" 36 : 3131-3138, 2002

18 Escher BI, "Modes of action in ecotoxicology: their role in body burdens, species sensitivity, QSARs, and mixture effects" 36 : 4201-4217, 2002

19 Jager T, "Modeling receptor kinetics in the analysis of survival data for organophosphorus pesticides" 39 : 8307-8314, 2005

20 Spargue JB, "Measurement of pollutant toxicity to fish. 1. Bioassay methods for acute toxicity" 3 : 793-821, 1969

21 De Maagd PGJ, "Lipid content and time-todeath- dependent lethal body burdens of naphthalene and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene in fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)" 38 : 232-237, 1997

22 Rand GM, "Introduction to aquatic toxicology. In Fundermentals of Aquatic Toxicology 2nd edition" Taylor and Francis 3-67, 1995

23 Chaisuksant Y, "Internal lethal concentrations of halobenzenes with fish (Gambusia affinis)" 37 : 66-75, 1997

24 McCarty LS, "Hypothesis formulation and testing in aquatic bioassays: a deterministic model approach" 188 : 533-542, 1989

25 Green RH, "Estimation of tolerance over an indefinite time period" 46 : 887-, 1965

26 Newman MC, "Enhancing toxicity data interpretation and prediction of ecological risk with survival time modeling: an illustration using sodium chloride toxicity in mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki)" 23 : 85-96, 1992

27 McCarty LS, "Enhancing ecotoxicological modeling and assessment" 27 : 1719-1728, 1993

28 van den Heuvel MR, "Effect of total body lipid on the toxicity and toxicokinetics of pentachlorophenol in rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss)" 20 : 235-252, 1991

29 Reinert KH, "Effect analysis of timevarying or repeated exposures in aquatic ecological risk assessment of agrochemicals" 21 : 1977-1992, 2002

30 Suter II GW, "Ecological risk assessment" Lewis Publishers 1993

31 Kooijman SALM, "Dynamic energy and mass budget model in biological system" Cambridge University Press 2000

32 Christensen ER, "Dose-response function in aquatic toxicity testing and the Weinull model" 18 : 213-221, 1984

33 Rozman KK, "Dose, time, and other factors influencing toxicity. In Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. Vol. 1" Academic Press 2002

34 Lee J-H, "Development of a multi-component damage assessment model (MDAM) for time-dependent mixture toxicity with toxicokinetic interactions" 40 : 1350-1357, 2006

35 Mackay D, "Correlation of bioconcentration factors" 16 : 274-278, 1982

36 Freidig AP, "Comparing the potency of chemicals with multiple modes of action in aquatic toxicology: acute toxicity due to narcosis cersus reactive toxicity of acrylic compounds" 33 : 3038-3043, 1999

37 Kooijman, SALM, "Biology- based methods. In: Magaud, H (ed.), Water Quality-Guidance Document on the Statistical Analysis of Ecotoxicity Data" ISO and OECD 2003

38 Lee J-H, "Application of multi-component damage assessment model (MDAM) for the toxicity of metabolized PAH in Hyalella azteca" 40 : 1341-1349, 2006

39 Legierse KCHM, "Analysis of the timedependent acute aquatic toxicity of organophosphorus pesticides: the critical target occupation model" 33 : 917-925, 1999

40 Morgan BJT, "Analysis of Quantal Response Data" Chapman & Hall 1992

41 Verhaar HJM, "An LC50 vs time model for the aquatic toxicity of reactive and receptor-mediated compounds. Consequences for bioconcentration kinetics and resk assessment" 33 : 758-763, 1999

42 Spacie A, "Alternative models for describing the bioconcentration of organics in fish" 1 : 309-320, 1982

43 Hanes B, "A selected review of risk models: one hit, multihit, multistage, probit, Weibull, and pharmacokinetic" 4 : 271-278, 1985

44 Yu Q, "A model for nonspecific toxicity with aquatic organisms over relatively long periods of exposure time" 38 : 909-918, 1999

45 Mancini JL, "A method for calculating the effects, on aquatic organisms, of time varying concentrations" 17 : 1355-1362, 1983