(A)new English grammar : logical and historical

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• GRAMMAR AND LANGUAGE = 1
• Definition of Grammars = 1
• Objects of Grammar = 9
• Definition of Language = 16
• Form and Meaning = 17
• Provinceof Grammar = 18
• Connection between Form and Meaning in Grammar = 19
• Isolation ; Irregularity = 20
• Grammatical and Logical Categories = 24
• Divergence between Grammatical and Logical Categories = 26
• Logical Categories.
• Ideas Expressed by Words = 12
• Substances and their Attributes = 28
• Qualifiers = 34
• General and Special Words = 37
• Combination of Words to Express Thoughts = 16
• Adjunct-wards and Head-words = 40
• Subject and Predicate = 42
• Assumption (Attribution) = 44
• Subordination and Coordination = 45
• Grammatical Categories.
• Words = 19
• Form-words = 58
• Word-formation = 24
• Composition = 63
• Derivation = 69
• Inflections = 28
• Relations between Words = 30
• Parts of Speech = 35
• Classification of the Parts of Speech = l00
• Conversion ol the Parts of Speech = 105
• Relations between Logical and Grammatical Categories = 40
• Fullness of Expression ; Ellipse = 109
• Uniformity of Expression = 113
• Adequacy of Expression = 114
• Divergence between Logic and Grammar; Antigrammatical Constructions = 116
• PARTS OF SPEECH IN DETAIL.
• Nouns.
• Form = 45
• Inflections = 126
• Gender = 142
• Form-words = 147
• Meaning = 54
• Concrete Nouns = 150
• Class-noons = 151
• Collective Nouns = 153
• Material Nouns = 155
• Proper Names = 156
• Abstract Nouns = 165
• Function = 62
• Adjectives.
• Form = 65
• Meaning = 67
• Function = 68
• Pronouns
• Form = 69
• Meaning = 71
• Function = 71
• Classes of Pronouns = 73
• Personal Pronouns = 200
• Possessive Pronouns = 203
• Emphatic Pronouns = 205
• Reflexive Pronouns = 207
• Reciprocal Pronouns = 210
• Interrogative Pronouns = 211
• Relative and Conjunctive Pronouns = 216
• Definite Pronouns = 224
• Indefinite Pronouns = 229
• Quantitative Pronouns = 232
• Negative Pronouns = 236
• Numerals = 87
• Verbs
• Form = 87
• Meaning = 89
• Transitive and Intransitive = 248
• Reflexive Verbs = 254
• Reciprocal Verbs = 256
• Impersonal Verbs = 257
• Function = 93
• Form-classes = 96
• Number = 269
• Person = 370
• Tense = 271
• Simple and Compound Tenses = 274
• Primary and Secondary Tenses = 379
• Complete and Incomplete Tenses = 381
• Tense-aspects( Duration, etc.) = 283
• Definite and Indefinite Tenses = 288
• Mood Fact-mood and Thought-mood (Indicative, Subjunctive, etc.) = 393
• Imperative Mood = 308
• Voice(Active, Passive, Reflexive) = 311
• Miscellaneous forma (Negative, Emphatic, Interrogative) = 317
• Verbals = 115
• Infinitive and Supine = 321
• Gerund = 304
• Participles = 330
• Adverbs = 118
• Form = 119
• Meaning = 130
• Function = 123
• Independent Adverbs = 358
• Sentence-modifying = 364
• Sentence-adverbs = 368
• Dependent Adverbs = 369
• Correlative Adverbs = 370
• Relative and Conjunctive Adverbs = 373
• Connection between Adverbs and other Parts of Speech:Connection between Adverbs and Adjectives = 376
• Connection between Adverbs and Prononna = 377
• Connection between Adverbs and Prepositions = 380
• Connection between Adverbs and Conjunctions = 381
• Prepositions.
• Form = 134
• Function = 136
• Meaning = 139
• Conjunctions.
• Form = 140
• Function = 140
• Meaning = 144
• Coordinative and Subordinative Conjunctions = 149
• Detached Conjunctions = 150
• Interjections = 151
• WORD-GROUPS = 153
• SENTENCES = 155
• Relations between Sentences = 160
• Clauses and Complexes = 462
• Inserted, Parenthetic, and Appended Clauses = 467
• Extended Complexes = 473
• Sequences = 482
• Relations between Sentences, Complexes, and Sequences = 485
• Classes of Sentences = 170
• Part-of-Speech Relations = 496
• Relations between Subject and Predicate = 500
• HISTORY OF LANGUAGE.
• Changes in Language = 176
• Effects of Change on the Relations between Words = 522
• Effects of Change on Language u a Means of Expression = 528
• Logical Control of Changes = 186
• Ellipse = 534
• Analogy = 535
• Origin and Development of Language = 192
• Development of Grammatical Categories = 551
• Origin of Parti of Speech = 560
• Relations of Languages to one another = 200
• Linguistic Separation ; Origin of Dialects and Cognate Languages = 201
• Influence of one Language on another = 203
• DIVISIONS AND METHODS OF GRAMMAR = 204
• Accidence and Syntax = 581
• Grammar and Dictionary = 583
• Descriptive and Historical Grammar = 586
• Grammatical Difficulties = 589
• Grammatical Analysis = 591
• HISTORY OF ENGLISH = 211
• Periods = 594
• Cognate Languages = 595
• Old English = 213
• Characteristics of Old English = 605
• Latin Influence = 606
• Celtic Influence = 607
• Scandinavian Influence = 608
• French Influence = 610
• Middle English = 216
• Dialects of Middle English = 614
• Struggle between French and English = 617
• Rise of the London Dialect = 619
• Scandinavian Influence = 631
• French Influence = 622
• Latin Influence = 625
• Modem English = 231
• Influence of other Languages = 634
• Periods = 638
• Present English = 223
• Strata = 646
• PHONOLOGY
• PHONETICS
• Analysis = 226
• Throat-sounds : Breath and Voice = 651
• Nasiti Sounds = 653
• Consonants = 653
• Vowels = 654
• Vowel-like Consonants = 655
• Synthesis = 227
• Quantity = 658
• Stress = 659
• Intouation Glides = 664
• Syllables = 666
• Diphthongs = 667
• Vowels = 230
• Rounding = 669
• Tongoe-retractioc = 670
• Tongue- height = 672
• Aconstie Qaalities of Vowels = 673
• Toe Vowels in Detail = 674
• Conaona.ots = 234
• Form = 692
• Place = 698
• Compound Consonantal ; Rounding, Fronting = 705
• Intermediate Positions = 707
• The Aspirate = 708
• Table = 709
• R in English = 711
• LAWS OF SOUND-CHANGE = 238
• OLD ENGLISH SOUNDS
• Orthography = 240
• Pronunciation = 241
• Stress = 243
• Quantity = 245
• Vowels = 245
• Mutation = 751
• Consonant Influences 754
• Consonants = 249　
• Gradation = 251
• MIDDLE ENGLISH SOUNDS.
• Orthography = 252
• Stress = 255
• Quantity = 256
• Vowala = 257
• Consonants = 261
• MODERN ENGLISH SOUND-CHANGES
• Orthography = 267
• Vbwela. = 274
• Conflonanta = 279
• PRESENT ENGLISH
• Stress = 283
• Word-stress = 879
• Stress in Word-groups and Compounds = 889
• Extension of Compound-stress S = 918
• Group-componnds S = 923
• Stress Advanced in Compounds S = 926
• As-sumptive (Attributive) Compounds and Gronps = 929
• Quantity = 397
• ACCrDENCB
• NOUNS
• Old English = 301
• Gender = 945
• Strong and Weak = 948
• Cases = 949
• Declensions = 950
• Early Middle English = 305
• Late Middle Englifili = 311
• Modern English = 312
• ADJECTIVES.
• Inflections.
• Old English = 323
• Middle English = 324
• Modem English = 325
• Comparison.
• Old English = 325
• Middle English = 326
• Modern English = 326
• Irregular Comparison = 327
• PRONOUNS = 331
• Personal Pronouns
• Old English = 333
• Middle English = 334
• Modern English = 338
• Possessive Pronotuu
• Old English = 343
• Middle English = 344
• Modem English = 345
• Self
• Old English = 346
• Middle English = 347
• Modern English = 347
• Demonstrative Pronouna.
• Old English = 348
• Middle English = 349
• Modem English = 351
• One, A; Hone, Kb = 352
• Interrogative and "Relative Pronouns = 353
• Definite Pronouns = 355
• Indefinite Pronouns = 355
• Quantitative Pronouns = 358
• NUMERALS.
• Cardinal = 359
• Ordinal. = 362
• VERBS
• Old English Verbs = 364
• Inflections = 1177
• Strong Verbs = 1190
• Weak Verbs = 1303
• Preterite-Present Verbs = 1211
• Middle English Verbs = 374
• Early Middle English = 1314
• Late Middle English = 1239
• Modem English Verbs = 383
• Present English Verbs = 391
• Irregular Verbs in Modem English = 393
• Consonantal Verbs = 394
• With vowel-change
• pret. vowel e = 1293
• ee = 1300
• o = 1301
• ou = 1302
• With t instead of d = 1304
• With t instead of d and vowel-change = 1312
• o = 1321
• With t instead of-dad = 1323
• With consonant-loss = I334
• With consonant-loss and vowel-change
• pret vowel as = 1335
• o = 1336
• Invariable Verbs. = 402
• aa = 1344
• ai = 1345
• e = 1346
• e = 1349
• ee = 1354
• I = 1356
• e = 1362
• e = 1363
• Vocalic Verbs = 405
• pret vowel au = 1364
• e = 1368
• as = 1382
• e = 1395
• ef = 1405
• i = 1408
• ij = 1412
• o = 1413
• ou = 1418
• o = 1438
• u = 1446
• uw = 1450
• Mixed Verbs = 418
• Isolated Forms = 420
• quoth S = 1473
• hight = 1474
• iclept = 1475
• wont = 1476
• Anomalous Verbs = 420
• can = 1479
• dare = 1480
• may = 1481
• must = 1481
• ought t = 1483
• shall = 1484
• will = 1485
• wot = 1486
• needi = 1487
• be = 1488
• have = 1492
• do = 1493
• PARTICLES.
• Adverb-endings = 428
• Adverbs from Nouns and Adjectives = 431
• Pronominal Adverbs = 433
• Correlative Particles = 436
• Pronominal Conjnnctions = 436
• Negation and Affirmation = 437
• Comparison of Adverbs = 438
• Prepositions = 440
• Old English = 1528
• Middle and Modem English = 1535
• Interiections = 443
• COMPOSITION.
• Old. English = 444
• Modem English = 446
• Meaning of Compounds = 448
• DERIVATION.
• Native Elements.
• Prefixes = 450
• $$\bar a$$- = 1569
• $$\bar a$$g = 1571
• be- = 1572
• for = 1573
• ge- = 1574
• ad- = 1575
• of- = 1576
• on- = 1577
• ad- = 1579
• un- = 1580
• wan- = 1581
• Suffixes = 456
• Noun-forming
• a)Concrete
• -cea = 1590
• -end = 1591
• -ere = 1592
• -estre = 1593
• -ing & = 1594
• -ling = 1595
• -en = 596
• b) Abstract
• -ftis = 1597
• -nS = 1598
• -ofr = 1599
• -img, -ing = 1600
• -dom = 1601
• -had = 1602
• -ISc = 1603
• eiden = 1604
• -s$$\dot c$$ipe = 1605
• Adjective-forming
• -ede = 1606
• -en = 1607
• -ig = 1608
• is$$\grave c$$ = 1609
• -sum = 610
• -feald = 1611
• -fell = 1612
• -lase = 1613
• -ii$$\dot c$$ = 1614
• -ward = 1615
• Verb-forming
• -na = 1616
• -sian = 1617
• l%$$\dot c$$an = 1618
• Foreign Elements = 468
• Prefixes = 468
• ab-, abs, a- = 1623
• ad-, a- = 1624
• amb- = 1625
• amphi - = 1626
• an- = 1627
• ana- = l628
• ante- = 1629
• anti- = 1630
• apo- = 1631
• bi- = 1632
• cata- = 1633
• circum- = 1634
• ris- = 1635
• corn- = 1636
• contra-, counter- = 1637
• de- = 1638
• demi- = 1639
• di- = 1640
• dia- = 1641
• dis- = 1642
• en- = 1643
• endo- = 1644
• epi- = 1643
• ex- = 1646,1647
• exo- = 1648
• extra- = 1649
• hyper- = 1650
• hypo- = 1651
• in- S = 1652
• int- = 1653
• inter-, enter- = 1654
• intro- = 1655
• meta- = 1656
• ne- = 1637
• aon- = 1658
• ob- = 1659
• para- = 1660
• per- = 1661
• post- = 1663
• pre- = 1663
• preter- = 1664
• pro- = 1665,1666
• pros- = 1667
• re- = 1668
• retro- = 1669
• se- = 1670
• semi- = 1671
• sine- = 1673
• sub- = 1673
• snbter- = 1674
• soper- = 1675
• supra- = 1676
• soar = 1677
• syn- 1678
• trans- = 1679
• ultra- = 1680
• Suffixes = 479
• Noun-forming
• a) Personal
• -ee = 1682
• -ar, -e(e)r, -er = 1683
• -or = 1684
• -ard, -art = 1687
• -ess = 1688
• -ist = 1689
• -ite = 1690
• -tax = 1691
• b) Dimiantive
• -ule, -cule = 1692
• -ct, -let = 1693
• c) Abstract
• -y, -ey = 1694
• -w, -eas, -ise i = 1698
• -cy, -sy = 1699
• -ad, -id = 1700
• -ade = 1702
• -age = 1703
• -ment = 1764
• ion = 1706
• -ana = 1707
• -atice, -ence = 1708
• -ancy -ency = 1709
• -or,-our = 1710
• -ory = 1711
• -ory = 1712
• -ure = 1713
• -am = 1714
• -icism = 1715
• -ate = 1716
• -itode = 1717
• -ty = 1718
• Adjecdve-fonning
• -ble = 1719
• -bund,-bond = 1721
• -ie, -ique = 1722
• -ical = 1726
• -iac = 1727
• -id = 1728
• id = 1729
• -al, -ial = 1730
• -il, -ile = 1734
• -aa, -ane = 1735
• -ean = 1738
• -ian = 1739
• -ine, -in = 1740
• ant, -ent = 1743
• -ar = 1744
• -ary = 1745
• or = 1746
• -ese = 1747
• -ose, -ons = 1748
• -esque = 1750
• -t, -te = 1751
• Verb-fomung
• -fy = 1756
• -ish = 1757
• -ize,-ise = 1758