Enhancement of Soft Soil Behaviour by using Floating Bottom Ash Columns

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The current disposition worldwide is for sustainable construction, and the application of by-products is one of the ways to achieve it. In this research, bottom ash was used as a substitute material in a granular column to decrease settlement and enhance the bearing capacity of soft soil. Bottom ash is a derivate of the coal burning process, it has similar engineering properties to sand and fine gravel. A set of reduced scale physical modelling tests were performed on floating bottom ash columns to assess the improvement in the bearing capacity of the composite ground. The results clearly showed that the bearing capacity of the model soil was greatly improved with the installation of bottom ash column sand. There was an obvious enhancement of the load capacity of the granular columns when they were encased. The usage of bottom ash instead of aggregate or sand for granular columns will reduce the project cost and it aligns with the goal of sustainable construction development.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 "US EPA SW-846, Hazardous waste test methods, SW-846"

2 Rafieizonooz, M., "Toxicity characteristics and durability of concrete containing coal ash as substitute for cement and river sand" 143 : 234-246, 2017

3 Al Mosawe, M. J., "The use of sand columns to improve soft soil" MICATE 2002

4 Black, J. A., "The settlement performance of a footing supported on soft clay reinforced with vibrated stone columns" Queen’s University 2007

5 Rashid, A. S. A., "The deep mixing method : Bearing capacity studies" 35 (35): 2613-2623, 2017

6 Chayakrit Phetchuay, "Strength development in soft marine clay stabilized by fly ash and calcium carbide residue based geopolymer" Elsevier BV 127-128 : 134-142, 2016

7 Nima Latifi, "Strength and Physico-chemical Characteristics of Fly Ash–Bottom Ash Mixture" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 40 (40): 2447-2455, 2015

8 Terzaghi, K., "Soil mechanics in engineering practice" John Wiley & Sons 1996

9 Sooraj P. Sudhakaran, "Soil Stabilization Using Bottom Ash and Areca Fiber: Experimental Investigations and Reliability Analysis" American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) 30 (30): 04018169-, 2018

10 Hughes, J. M. O., "Reinforcing of soft cohesive soils with stone columns" 7 (7): 42-49, 1974

11 Tandel, Y. K., "Reinforced granular column for deep soil stabilization : A review" 2 (2): 720-730, 2012

12 Arul Arulrajah, "Recycled waste foundry sand as a sustainable subgrade fill and pipe-bedding construction material: Engineering and environmental evaluation" Elsevier BV 28 : 343-349, 2017

13 Arul Arulrajah, "Recycled concrete aggregate/municipal glass blends as a low-carbon resource material for footpaths" Informa UK Limited 19 (19): 727-740, 2018

14 M. Cheriaf, "Pozzolanic properties of pulverized coal combustion bottom ash" Elsevier BV 29 (29): 1387-1391, 1999

15 Hu, W., "Physical modelling of group behaviour of stone column foundations" University of Glasgow 1995

16 C. Yoo, "Performance of geogrid-encased stone columns in soft ground: full-scale load tests" Thomas Telford Ltd. 19 (19): 480-490, 2012

17 D. McKelvey, "Modelling vibrated stone columns in soft clay" Thomas Telford Ltd. 157 (157): 137-149, 2004

18 K. Ali, "Model tests on single and groups of stone columns with different geosynthetic reinforcement arrangement" Thomas Telford Ltd. 21 (21): 103-118, 2014

19 S. Murugesan, "Model tests on geosynthetic-encased stone columns" Thomas Telford Ltd. 14 (14): 346-354, 2007

20 "Methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes. Part 5: Compressibility, permeability, and durability tests, BS 1377"

21 Phummiphan, I., "Marginal lateritic soil stabilized with calcium carbide residue and fly ash geopolymers as a sustainable pavement base material" 29 (29): 1-10, 2016

22 Ashraf Kamal Nazir, "Improving the bearing capacity of footing on soft clay with sand pile with/without skirts" Elsevier BV 49 (49): 371-377, 2010

23 Joel Gniel, "Improvement of soft soils using geogrid encased stone columns" Elsevier BV 27 (27): 167-175, 2009

24 Jeerapan Donrak, "Improvement of marginal lateritic soil using Melamine Debris replacement for sustainable engineering fill materials" Elsevier BV 134 : 515-522, 2016

25 D. Muir Wood, "Group effects in stone column foundations: model tests" Thomas Telford Ltd. 50 (50): 689-698, 2000

26 McCabe, B. A., "Ground improvement using the vibro-stone column technique" The Institute of Engineers of Ireland 2007

27 Rashid, A. S. A., "Estimation of wall friction of chamber box using consolidation characteristic" 174 : 2137-2141, 2012

28 Rashid, A. S. A., "Estimation of interface resistance between testing chamber and soil model using shear box test" 80 (80): 472-478, 2012

29 Muhardi, A., "Engineering characteristics of Tanjung Bin coal ash" 15 : 1117-1129, 2010

30 N. P. Balaam, "Effect of stone column yield on settlement of rigid foundations in stabilized clay" Wiley 9 (9): 331-351, 1985

31 Malkit Singh, "Effect of coal bottom ash as partial replacement of sand on properties of concrete" Elsevier BV 72 : 20-32, 2013

32 Ahmad Safuan A. Rashid, "Development of sustainable masonry units from flood mud soil: Strength and morphology investigations" Elsevier BV 131 : 682-689, 2017

33 Jorge Castro, "Deformation and consolidation around encased stone columns" Elsevier BV 29 (29): 268-276, 2011

34 Carter, M., "Correlations of soil properties" Penetech Press Publishers 1991

35 Heidrich, C., "Coal combustion products: A global perspective" WOCA 22-25, 2013

36 S. N. MALARVIZHI, "COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE BEHAVIOR OF ENCASED STONE COLUMN AND CONVENTIONAL STONE COLUMN" Elsevier BV 47 (47): 873-885, 2007

37 Rashid, A. S. A., "Behaviour of weak soils reinforced with soil cement columns formed by the deep mixing method : Rigid and flexible footings" 68 : 262-279, 2015

38 Ahmad Safuan A. Rashid, "Behaviour of soft soil improved by floating soil–cement columns" Thomas Telford Ltd. 18 (18): 95-116, 2018

39 Ahmad Safuan A. Rashid, "Behavior of Weak Soils Reinforced with End-Bearing Soil-Cement Columns Formed by the Deep Mixing Method" Informa UK Limited 33 (33): 473-486, 2014

40 Kaffezakis, G. J., "A model test investigation of the behaviour of stone columns" Special Research Problem, Georgia Institute of Technology 1983