빈곤 아동에 대한 보호요인과 위험요인 탐색: 만 3세 유아를 대상으로 = The Investigation of Protective factors and Risk factors in Child Poverty: On the 3-Year-old children

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study investigated protective factors and risk factors in children in poverty and their outcomes. The definition of child poverty in this study were children who received support in child care and education expenses due to low cost of living. Participants consisted of 476 mothers and their 3-year-old children who live in Seoul or`Kyounggi Province. Among the participants, 228 were children in poverty. To identify the effect of child poverty, data mining decision tree model was performed with the following variances; social support, parenting stress, home environment stimulation, and child outcomes. Decision tree model included significant predictor variable on child poverty as a child's sex, Decision tree model showed that responsiveness stimulation in HOME and social skill had important influences on boys in poverty. Physical environment stimulation of HOME and social support were predicted as protective factors in boys in poverty. However, physical environment stimulation worked as risk factors on girls in poverty. Relatively low language comprehension skills predicted risk factor on child developmental functioning, and this was influenced by parent's psychological and mental health. The results discussed that physical environment stimulation in HOME and social support were defined as protective factors for boys in poverty, but risk factors for girls.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 빈곤요인에 따른 맞춤형 중재모형을 탐색해보고, 구체화된 설명모형을 근거로 빈곤 아동의 발달적 특성과 이에 따른 위험요인과 보호요인의 개별적인 영향력을 확인하고자 하였다. 본 연구에서 빈곤아동은 생계목적으로 보육료 지원 대상으로 선정된 가정의 아동으로 정의하였다. 연구대상은 서울과 경기 지역에 거주하는 만 3세 유아 476명이다. 이들 중 228명은 빈곤 가정 아동이고 248명은 비 빈곤 가정 아동이었다. 각 측정변인들의 영향력을 분석하기 위하여 의사결정나무분석을 사용한 Data Mining을 이용하였다. 연구결과, 빈곤아동의 가정환경자극과 이에 따른 위험요인과 보호요인은 아동의 성별에 따라 구체화되어 발달적 특성을 설명하는 것이 예측력 있는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 빈곤 남아와 여아의 의사결정 나무모형에 따르면, 빈곤한 가정의 남아들은 비 빈곤 가정의 남아들에 비해 가정환경의 반응성 자극이 낮았으며 사회성 발달이 보다 느린 것으로 확인되었다. 한편 양호한 물리적 환경이나 사회적 지원의 존재는 빈곤층 남아에게 보호적인 요인일 가능성이 시사되었다. 한편, 빈곤 가정의 여아들은 남아들에 비해 물리적 환경이 위험요인으로 나타났으며, 상대적으로 언어이해 점수가 낮을 때 여아의 지적발달에 심각한 위험요인이 될 수 있으며 이는 부모의 신체적, 심리적 건강상태에 크게 영향을 받고 있었다. 본 연구에서는 물리적 환경과 사회적 지지가 빈곤 남아의 보호요인으로 작용하는데 비해 빈곤 여아에게는 위험요인의 방향성을 가지는 것으로 확인되었다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 이경숙, "한국형 부모양육스트레스 척도 개발을 위한 예비연구" 11 (11): 70-78, 2000

2 김정미, "취학 전 아동과 부모 간의 상호작용 행동 평가를 위한 K-MBRS와 K-CBRS의 타당화 연구" 한국심리학회 산하 한국발달심리학회 19 (19): 21-37, 2006

3 신숙재, "어머니의 양육스트레스, 사회적 지원과 부모효능감이 양육행동에 미치는 영향" 연세대학교 대학원 1997

4 전겸구, "스트레스와 대처의 다차원적 관계분석(I) : 대학생 집단" 13 : 136-158, 1994

5 구인회, "가족배경이 청소년의 교육성취에 미치는 영향 : 가족구조와 가족소득, 빈곤의 영향을 중심으로" 한국사회복지연구회 22 : 5-32, 2003

6 Ramey, C. T., "The plasticity of cognitive performance : Insights from preventive intervention" 55 : 1913-1925, 1984

7 Brooks-Gunn, J., "The learning, physical, and emotional environment of the home in the context of poverty : The infant health and development program" 17 : 251-276, 1995

8 McLoyd, V. C., "The impact of economic hardship on black families and children : Psychological distress, parenting, and socioemotional development" 61 : 311-346, 1990

9 Brooks-Gunn, J., "The effects of poverty on children" 7 (7): 55-71, 1997

10 Adler, N. E., "Socioeconomic inequalities in health : No easy solution" 269 : 3140-3145, 1993

11 McLoyd, V. C., "Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development" 53 (53): 18-, 1998

12 Ceballo, R., "Social Support and parenting in poor, dangerous neighborhoods" 73 (73): 1310-1321, 2002

13 Ariiaga, R. J., "Scores on the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory of children from low-and middle-income families" 19 : 209-223, 1998

14 Ramey, C. T., "Psychosocial mental retardation: A biological and social coalescence, In Psychosocial influences and retarded performance: Strategies for improving competence (Vol. 1)" University Park Press 1981

15 Ramey, C. T., "Prevention of intellectual disabilities : Early interventions to improve cognitive development" 27 : 224-232, 1998

16 Weikart, D., "Preschool programs : Preliminary findings" 1 : 163-182, 1967

17 Hashima, P. Y., "Poverty, social support, and parental behavior" 65 : 394-403, 1994

18 Abidin, R. R, "Parenting Stress Index: Professional manual" Psychological Assessment Resources 1990

19 Brooks-Gunn, J., "Neighborhood poverty: Context and consequences for development" Russell Sage Foundation 1997

20 National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Early Child Care Research Network, "Modeling the impacts of child care quality on children's preschool cognitive development" 74 : 1454-1475, 2003

21 Lin, N., "Modeling the effects of social support, In Social support, life events, and depression" Academic Press, Inc 173-209, 1986

22 Feldman, H. M., "Measurement properties of the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory at ages one and two years" 71 : 310-322, 2000

23 Hart, B., "Meaningful differences in the everyday experience of young American children" Brookes 1995

24 Korenman, S., "Long-term poverty and child development in the United States: Results from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth" 17 : 127-151, 1995

25 김정미, "K-CDI아동발달검사" 도서출판: 특수교육 2006

26 Huang, M. J., "Integrating data mining with case-based reasoning for chronic diseases prognosis and diagnosis" 32 : 856-867, 2007

27 Bornstein, M., "Handbook of parenting" Erlbaum 1995

28 Caldwell, B. M., "HOME Inventory Administration Manual: Comprehensive Edition" University of Arkansas at Little Rock 2003

29 Mahoney, G., "Family/Child Curriculum: A Relationship Focused Approach to Parent Education/Early Intervention" Family Child Learning Center 1999

30 Bailey, D. B. Jr., "Family outcomes in early intervention : A framework for program evaluation and efficacy research" 64 : 313-328, 1998

31 Conger, R. D., "Family economic hardship and adolescent adjustment: Mediating and moderating processes, In Consequences of growing up poor" Russell Sage Foundation 1997

32 National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Early Child Care Research Network, "Familial factors associated with characteristics of non-maternal care for infants" 59 : 389-408, 1997

33 Turnbull, A. P., "Evolution of family-professional partnerships, In Handbook of early childhood intervention" Cambridge University Press 630-650, 2000

34 Bradley, R, H., "Environment and parenting, In Handbook of parenting: 2. Biology and ecology of parenting" Erlbaum 235-261, 1995

35 Duncan, G., "Economic deprivation and early-childhood development" 65 (65): 296-318, 1994

36 Plotnick, R. D., "Child poverty can be reduced" 7 (7): 72-87, 1997

37 Ireton, H., "Child Development Inventory, Manual" Behavior Science Systems 1992

38 Bowlby, J., "Attachment and loss" Basic Books 1969

39 Alexander, K. L., "Achievement in the first two years of school: Patterns and processes" 53 (53): 1988

40 Chang, C. L., "A study of applying data mining to early intervention for developmentally-delayed children" 33 : 407-412, 2007

41 Wasik, B. H., "A longitudinal study of two early intervention strategies : Project CARE" 61 : 1682-1696, 1990

42 김정미, "3-6세 유아를 위한 가정환경자극 척도(EC-HOME)의 타당화 연구" 한국아동학회 28 (28): 115-128, 2007