한국적 종중의 형성과 역사적 변천과정 -진성이씨의 사례를 중심으로 = A Study on the Formation and Development Process of Jongjung(Clan System) -Focusing on the case of Jinseong Yi Clan

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In the traditional era, Korea had the most advanced history of clan system in the world. This situation was intensified by the end of the Joseon Dynasty, which allowed plenty of people to live as a member of the clan system. They took intense pride in their clan. Some fairly traditional clans used to bequeath both Jokbo(a genealogy book) documenting the family history of ancestors or descendents and materials about ancestral rites. Jinseong Yi clan from Andong in southern Korea was regarded as one of the most representative clans in this respect.
The clan system was formed and developed as descendants gathered centering on Hyeonjo(顯祖), a prominent ancestor, or Pajo(派祖), a first ancestor to establish a branch(派）in the clan. Most of posterity continued to perform ritual ceremony for those who were beyond time scope of four generation from the clans originator, which resuited in Bulcheonwijo(不遷位祖), ancestors who had a permanent ancestral tablet in the shrine. The founder of Jinseong Yi clan was Yi Seok(李碩) who lived in Jinbo, Gyeongbuk at the end of the Goryeo Dynasty. Yi Ja-su(李子修), his son, moved to Andong and his descendants lived there since then.
As Jinseon Yi clan system was settled in, the clan published a genealogy book printed from wooden blocks by 1600. It recorded not only paternal lines but also maternal lines. Therefore, it contained records of all the offspring from sons and daughters, which made posterity's genealogy book include lots of different last names.
Jinseong Yi clan was rigorous to pay respect to ancestors, as the clan built a memorial house(齋舍) near forefathers' tombs and hired a superintendent to manage the house. First of all, the clan set up Gachangjaesa(可倉齋舍) for Yijeong(李禎), 4th-generation ancestor from Yi clan. It was unusual that a monk(僧徒) was resided to take care of the Jaesa. In addition, Yijeong was dedicated as Bulcheonwi in the shrine of the head house.
Furthermore, ancestral rites were performed for remote ancestors such as the founder of Yi clan unlike the past. Tombs of Yi Seok(李碩), a founder, and Yi Woon―hu(李云侯), 3rd-generation ancestor, had been lost, while their ritual ceremony had been skipped. By the 17th century, however, the clan made a great endeavor to locate their tombs. As a result, the tomb of Yi Woon-hu was found in Mt. Gagu (佳丘山), Andong in 1643 before the founders tomb was discovered in jinbo in 1679.
Meanwhile, even though living philosophy ixom Family Courtesy (家禮) by Zhu Xi(朱子) was emphasized during,the joseon Dynasty, people were dependent on a conventional custom practiced before the Joseon era. In particular, Family Courtesy(家禮)'stipulated to practice ancestor rituals in the shrine on aiixed date of February, May, August^ and November, while people preferred to perform the rituals in front of tombs on traditional holidays such as New Years day, Hanshik, Dano, and Chuseok. Confucian scholars including Yi Eon- jeok(李彦迪), 'YiHwang(李滉), eong Gyeong-se(鄭經世), and Yijae (李繂) recognized these circumstances as a traditional custom, while they were concerned about the situation.
Ancestral rites during the Joseon Dynasty have been practiced up to the present time. Even if the ceremony is somewhat different depending on the clan system or the family, it has been passed down to the tombs in the mountain or to homes‘ It is expected that Myoje (rituals held in front of the tombs) would be a place to communicate among people and Gijesa(household rites held at night before an ancestors death anniversary) would be a harmonious time and place for family.