美軍政下의 韓國行政組織에 關한 分析 = An Analysis on the Administrative Organization under the Rule of the United States Army Military Government in Korea

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

As to how the USAMGIK (the United States Army Military Government in Korea) was being administratively organized during the period of American military occupation from 1945 to 1948 for South Korea is the basic concern which the writer is going to deal in this paper. The USAMGIK established on the basis of Proclamation No.1 of General Headquarter, Pacific US Army Forces of September 7, 1945, issued Ordinance No.19 on 30 October 1945 with regard to the military government policy. According to the Ordinance, the basic policies of the USAMGIK could be summarized as follows; (1) the restoration of a free independent Korea, (2) the realization of a free democracy, (3) the crystalization of an economic freedom to an controlled economy and (4) the actualization of a social welfare ideology. Inspite of that these policies, necessarily, had to be reflected in the politico-administrative organizations and then the USAMGIK must be a completely new shape, we could not see any drastic and obvious changes or tansformations during the military government. (1) Governmental structure: The USAMGIK had inherited the politico-administrative systems created previously by the Japanese colonial regime from 1910 to 1945. Not only that many of lows, orders and other regulations issued by the Japanese authorities were continued in full force and effect during the period of the American military government but also almost of the old administrative agencies and quite a lot of the formerly served officials in Japanese government were retained in the new USAMGIK. All of governmental powers were given in the hand of the American Military Governor, not only the executive power but also the legislative and judicial power even though the Korean Interim Legislative Assembly was founded on 12 December 1946. The same situations applied to the local governments too. As of July 1947, the government at the national level was constituted by fourteen departments and six offices under the command of the Military Governor. The fourteen departments were the Department of Police, Justice, Education, Commerce, Finance, Communications, Public Health and Welfare, Public Works, Public Information, Agriculture, Labor, Transportation and Foreign Affairs, and six offices were the Office of Property Custody, General Affairs, Korean Civil Service, National Food Administration, National Price Administration and National House Administration. These departments and offices were subdivided into bureaus (departments) or divisions (-offices-), bureaus or divisions into sections, sections into subsections, and subsections into branches. Besides of those single-head line and staff agencies, a number of administrative committees were established for the intercoordination of those angencies or for the increasing of the participations of specialists. Local level governments were composed of one special city, nine provinces, fourteen cities, eight districts, one hundred and thirty-three counties, seventy-three towns and fourteen hundred and fifty-six villages as of 15 October 1948. Each Provincial government, under the command of the provincial Governor, was composed of the Bureau of Home Affairs, Agriculture, Banking and Taxation, Labor, Public Health and Welfare, and Public Works where there bureaus were subdivided into sections and sections into subsections.
(2) The structure-functional characteristics: The latitudinal span of control of the top governor at the national level was expanded from initially one secretariat and eight bureaus to six offices and fourteen departments at the end of the military government rule, and provincial governments were also enlarged from one secretariat and three departments to three offices and eight bureaus. Those horizontal enlargement of administrative organizations had been caused by the socio-economic and socio-welfare functions of the governments. Keeping the pace with the latitudinal expansion of government structure, the longitudinal poly-scalarization of the government was also accompanied. The most significant contribution by the military government was the recreation of the Department of Foreign Affairs and the Department of National Defense as well as the national armed forces which were dissolved by the Japanese regime between 1906 and 1909. This signified the recovery of Korean sovereignty.
Further important achivements with regard to the USAMGIK organization were that the administrative committees, the educational autonomy agencies, the social welfare agencies, the public information agencies etc. were institutionalized. However, inspite of the overemphasis made by some scholars that the agencies formulated under the USAMGIK played the embryo-role in the Korean administrative history, these kinds of functional agencies can be thought of as nothing more than the extension of the agencies made under the Japanese rule. Those kinds of administrative agencies could be inumerably found out in the organization chart of the Japanese colonial government too. Even though that it is not to be overlooked that the American culture had partially an effect on the Korean administrative culture during the military government, it is fair enough to say that the embryo of the Korean administrative institutions in the modern sense is based on rather the Kabo-Reform of 1894 and the followed reforms than the American military government reform during 1945 to 1948.
A micro-scopic observation in a flat-time dimension or a short range can be sometimes resulted in a wrong judgement in the long run.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 美軍政의 開始·終了過程 및 美軍政方針
• Ⅱ. 美軍政時代의 權力構造體制
• 1. 日帝統治體制의 轉換關係
• 2. 美軍政에 對한 韓國人의 參與狀況
• 3. 中央政府內의 橫的 權力構造
• 4. 中央政府와 地方政府間의 權限配分關係
• Ⅲ. 美軍政時代의 一般行政 機構
• 1. 中央行政機構
• 2. 地方行政機構
• Ⅳ. 美軍政時代 行政組織의 構造機能的 特徵
• 1. 構造面에서 본 特徵
• (1) 橫的 分業構造
• (2) 縱的 階層構造
• 2. 機能面에서 본 特徵
• (1) 韓國의 獨立을 위한 部面
• (2) 政治的自由民主主義의 實現을 위한 部面
• (3) 經濟統制 部面
• (4) 社會福祉理念의 具現을 위한 部面
• Ⅴ. 韓國의 近代的 行政組織體制의 母胎를 美軍政時代의 行政現象에서 求하려는 見解에 對한 批判