The purpose of this study was to examine the composite dimensions that explain active aging in the Korean and Chinese older adults, and whether there are significant differences between the two countries. We examined the differences in the levels of a...
The purpose of this study was to examine the composite dimensions that explain active aging in the Korean and Chinese older adults, and whether there are significant differences between the two countries. We examined the differences in the levels of active aging among the older adults in Korea and China, and identified the variables that influence each dimension of active aging, focusing on personal, economic, and social factors. We attempted to categorize the active aging of the older adults by reflecting the characteristics of each country, such as the increase in the number of older adults people due to the aging population and changes in social views of the older adults, and examined the characteristics of the types.
This study utilized secondary data from the Korean Longitudinal Study on Aging (KLoSA), the seventh year (2018), and the Chinese Health and Retirement Panel Survey (CHARLS), the fourth year (2018), and identified the characteristics of the health, participation, and security sub-dimensions of active aging for a total of 7,654 respondents, including 4,965 Korean older adults and 2,689 Chinese older adults. The secondary data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0 and Mplus 8.3 using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, simple regression analysis, Latent Profile Analysis (LPA), analysis of variance, and multinomial logistic regression analysis.
We summarize the main findings and conclusions of this study as follows.
First, there were significant differences in each subdomain of active aging between Korean and Chinese older adults. In the health domain, Korean older adults were healthier than Chinese older adults. Chinese older adults were more engaged than Korean older adults in the engagement domain. In the area of coverage, Korean older adults were more covered than Chinese older adults. In terms of overall active aging, Korean older adults were more active than Chinese older adults.
We examined the commonalities of variables affecting active aging in Korean and Chinese older adults. First, in the area of health, male elders living in urban areas and having a spouse with a higher level of education were associated with higher personal income and more frequent contact with children. Next, in the area of engagement, the level of engagement tended to be higher among younger, religious, rural elders, and those with higher personal income, more frequent contact with children, and financial support. On the other hand, the level of participation decreased as the frequency of contact with children increased for older adults in Korea and China. In the area of coverage, male older adults who provide in-kind support and have higher personal income and pension income are more likely to be covered. Overall, active aging levels tended to increase with the provision of in-kind support, younger age, presence of a spouse, higher personal income and pension income, and more frequent contact with children. Looking at the differences, there were statistically significant differences in social security income and monetary support for older adults in Korea and China. For Korean older adults, higher social security income tended to be associated with lower levels of active aging, whereas for Chinese older adults, higher social security income tended to be associated with higher levels of active aging. In addition, Korean older adults were associated with higher levels of active aging when they did not provide financial support to their children, whereas Chinese older adults were associated with higher levels of active aging when they provided financial support to their children.
Second, four latent profile types of active aging among Korean older adults were identified: 'Passive', 'Active', 'Assured', and 'Health-Participatory'. 'Active' and 'Health-Participatory' were identified as having higher levels of active aging, with 'Active (Type 2)' having the highest level of all domains than other types, and 'Health-Participatory (Type 4)' having relatively higher levels of health and participation than other types. The sum of the two types' percentages was 52.79%.
Four latent profile types of active aging among the Chinese older adults were identified: 'Insecure Vulnerable', 'Highly Involved Highly Secure', 'Involved', and 'Highly Healthy Low Involved', with 'Highly Involved Highly Secure' and 'Highly Healthy Low Involved' being the two types with higher levels of security than other types. The sum of the two types is about 39.46%, indicating that Chinese older adults are 13.33 percentage points less likely to be courtly than Korean older adults.
Analyzing the impact of personal, economic, and social factors on each type of active aging, the researchers found similarities and differences between the high-and low-level types of active aging in Korean and Chinese older adults. Commonalities among the high-level type included being male with a spouse, having a higher level of education, and having fewer children and grandchildren. In contrast, the low-activity type consisted of women, no spouse, lower education, and more children and grandchildren. In addition, the active aging types in Korea and China differed in many ways, including age, religion, social security income, and frequency of contact with children. These results suggest that cultural, economic, and social characteristics and policy differences between the two countries play an important role in shaping active aging patterns.
Third, we conducted multinomial logistic regression analysis to identify factors that increase the likelihood of belonging to each type of active aging. The results showed that Korea had the highest number of subjects with high active aging (1,593 subjects, 32.08%) and China had the lowest number of subjects with high active aging (292 subjects, 10.86%). The high active aging types (passive and vulnerable) were set as the reference group to compare with the other groups. The common factors that predicted the likelihood of belonging to the 'passive' category of active aging among Korean older adults were age, presence of a spouse, education level, social security income, frequency of contact with children, in-kind benefits, and in-kind support, while the influencing factors were gender, presence of secondary school, residence, number of children, personal income, pension income, frequency of contact with children, and monetary benefits. In other words, the older the age, the absence of a spouse, the lower the education level, the higher the social security, the less frequent the contact with children, the less frequent the in-kind benefits, and the less likely to provide in-kind support, the more likely a person was to fall into the “passive” category. Among the types of active aging among the older adults in China, the common factors that predicted the 'security vulnerable type' were personal income, pension income, and social security income, and the individual factors were gender, spousal status, residence, number of children, frequency of contact with children, and in-kind support. In other words, the lower the personal income, pension income, and social security income, the more likely the older adults were to belong to the 'security vulnerable type'.
The discussion and significance of this study are as follows
This study analyzed the types of active aging among the older adults in Korea and China and identified predictive factors to suggest effective interventions. First, interventions that take into account the vulnerability of female elders based on gender are needed, and social education programs and social participation opportunities for female elders should be expanded to support the formation of relationship networks. Second, healthcare for spouse-less older adults should be strengthened, and safety nets for older adults living alone should be established through education and community-wide campaigns to raise safety awareness. Third, social networks of older adults have a significant impact on their physical and mental health, so social engagement programs should be developed to alleviate depression and loneliness and promote voluntary social networks. Fourth, both China and Korea need to work to close the gap in economic security, particularly by increasing support for rural and female older adults, and developing multi-tiered pension systems. Finally, the older adults should be encouraged to participate in society through programs such as talent donation, so that their wealth of experience and wisdom can be used to contribute to the development of society and the country.
Through a systematic analysis of the types of active aging among the older adults in Korea and China and the influencing factors of each type, this study identifies the types of active aging among the older adults, which can provide a practical basis for the respective older adults welfare policies in Korea and China. This will help to encourage social participation of the older adults and contribute to the promotion of a positive aging culture. The comparative study, which reflects the cultural and social differences between Korea and China, sheds light on the unique challenges and opportunities faced by older adults in both countries. This comparative study provides an important contribution to the international aging policy debate and can serve as a useful reference for the development of aging policies in other countries.