Educational adrninjsration : concepts and Parctices

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Administrative Advice = xiii
• Pro/Con Debates = xv
• Forward = xvi
• Preface = xvii
• The Authors = xiv
• Ⅰ Fundamental Principles and Concepts = 1
• 1 Development of Administrative Theory = 2
• Focusing Questions = 2
• Theory = 2
• Functions of Theories = 3
• Classical Organizational Theory = 5
• Scientific Management = 5
• Administrative Management = 6
• Human Relations Approach = 8
• The Hawthorne Studies = 8
• Other Contributors to the Human Relations Approach = 9
• Relations Approach = 9
• Behavioral Science Approach = 10
• The Individual and the Organization = 10
• Leadership = 12
• Development of Administrative Thought = 14
• Systems Theory = 14
• Basic Systems Model = 16
• View of School = 16
• Summary = 20
• Key Terms = 20
• Discussion Questions = 20
• Discussion Questions = 20
• Suggested Readings = 22
• 2 Organizational Structure = 24
• Focusing Questions = 24
• Basic Concepts of Organizational Structure = 24
• Job Specialization = 25
• Departmentalization = 25
• Chain of Command = 25
• Authority and Responsibility = 26
• Centralization/Decentralization = 26
• Line and Staff Authority = 26
• Span of Management = 27
• The Bureaucratic Model = 27
• Bureaucratic Characteristics = 27
• Bureaucratic Dysfunctions = 29
• The Participatory Management Model = 30
• Theory X and Theory Y = 31
• Individual versus Organization = 31
• System4 Organization = 32
• Shaping School Culture = 35
• Moral Leadership = 35
• School-Based Management = 36
• Total Quality Management = 37
• Frames of Organization = 40
• Alternative Models of Organizational Structure = 42
• Compliance Theory = 42
• Mechanistic-Organic Organization = 43
• Strategy-Structure Typology = 47
• The School as a Social System = 52
• Dimensions of a Social System = 52
• Expanded Model: Cultural Dimension = 53
• Getzels's Latest Model: Communities Dimension = 55
• Summary = 56
• Key Terms = 57
• Discussion Questions = 57
• Suggested Reading s= 57
• 3 Organizational Culture = 59
• Focusing Questions = 59
• The Nature of Organizational Culture = 59
• Definition and Characteristics = 60
• Uniformity of Culture = 61
• Developing, Maintaining, and Changing Organizational Culture = 62
• Creating Organizational Culture = 62
• Maintaining Organizational Culture = 63
• Changing Organizational Culture = 66
• Effects of Organizational Culture = 67
• Views of Excellence = 68
• Theory Z = 70
• A Typology of Organizational Culture = 72
• Organizational Climate = 73
• Open-Closed Climates = 74
• Healthy-Sick Schools = 76
• Comprehensive Assessment of School Environments(CASE) = 77
• Pupil Control Ideology = 80
• Summary = 85
• Key Terms = 85
• Discussion Questions = 85
• Suggested Readings = 85
• Ⅱ Administrative Processes = 87
• 4 Motivation = 88
• Focusing Questions = 88
• Defining Motivation = 88
• Content Theories = 90
• Need Hierarchy Theory = 90
• Motivation-Hygiene Theory = 93
• Existence Relatedness Growth Theory = 98
• Process Theories = 100
• Expectancy Theory = 100
• Equity Theory = 104
• Goal-Setting Theory = 107
• Summary = 108
• Key Terms = 110
• Discussion Questions = 110
• Suggested Readings = 110
• 5 Leadership = 112
• Focusing Questions = 112
• The Nature of Leadership = 112
• Sources of Leader Influence = 114
• Research on Sources of Leader Influence = 115
• A New Concept of Power = 117
• Leader Traits = 117
• Traits of Leaders Compared with Nonleaders = 117
• Traits of Effective Leaders = 118
• Assessment Centers: Using Traits and Skills to Select Process = 124
• Leadership Behavior = 124
• The Iowa Studies: Authoritarian, Democratic, and Laissez-Faire Leadership = 125
• The Ohio State Studies: Initiating Structure and Consideration = 127
• The Michigan Studies: Production Centered and Employee Centered = 129
• Leadership Behavior Theories: Similarities and Conclusions = 129
• Contingency Leadership = 130
• Fiedler's Contingency Theory = 132
• Path-Goal Theory = 136
• Leadership Styles = 139
• Leadership Style Continuum = 139
• Leadership $$Grid^ $$ Styles = 142
• Three-Dimensional Leadership styles = 142
• Situational Leadership Styles = 145
• Other contemporary Perspectives = 148
• Vertical Dyad Linkage Model = 148
• Reciprocal Influence Theory = 149
• Substitutes for Leadership = 149
• Transformational Leadership = 150
• Summary = 151
• Key Terms = 152
• Discussion Questions = 152
• Suggested Readings = 153
• 6 Decision Making = 155
• Focusing Questions = 155
• The Nature of Decision Making = 155
• Models of Decision Making = 156
• The Classical Decision-Making Model = 157
• The Behavioral Decision-Making Model = 160
• The Vroom-Yetton Normative Model = 160
• Benefits of Site-Based Decision Making = 166
• Problems in Site-Based Decision Making = 169
• Groupthink = 169
• Risky Shift = 171
• Escalation of Commitment = 172
• Site-Based Decision-Making Techniques = 172
• Brainstorming = 172
• Nominal Group Technique = 174
• Delphi Technique = 175
• Devil's Advocacy = 176
• Dialectical Inquiry = 176
• Summary = 177
• Key Terms = 177
• Discussion Questions = 179
• Suggested Readings = 179
• 7 Communication = 180
• Focusing Questions = 180
• The Importance of Communication = 180
• The Communication Process = 181
• Ideating = 181
• Encoding = 182
• Transmitting = 182
• Receiving = 182
• Decoding = 182
• Acting = 182
• Nonverbal Communication = 183
• Direction of Communication = 185
• Downward Communication185
• Upward Communication = 186
• Horizontal Communication = 188
• Diagonal Communication = 188
• Communication Networks = 189
• Network Patterns = 189
• Network Analysis = 191
• Barriers to Communication = 194
• Frames of Reference = 194
• Filtering = 196
• Structure = 196
• Information Overload = 197
• Semantics = 198
• Status Differences = 198
• Overcoming Barries to Communication = 199
• Repetition = 199
• Empathy = 199
• Understanding = 199
• Feedback = 200
• Listening = 201
• Summary = 204
• Key Terms = 204
• Discussion Questions = 204
• Suggested Readings = 204
• 8 Organizational Change = 206
• Focusing Questions = 206
• Schools as Open Systems = 207
• Pressures for Organizational Change = 208
• Government Intervention in Schools = 208
• Society's Values = 209
• Technological Change and Knowledge Explosion = 210
• Resistance to Change = 211
• Causes of Resistance to Change = 211
• Reducing Resistance to Change = 213
• Individual Approaches to Change = 216
• Job Enrichment = 216
• Laboratory Training = 218
• Behavior Modification = 220
• Transactional Analysis = 222
• Group Approaches to Change = 225
• Role Analysis Technique = 225
• Intergroup Problem Solving = 227
• Process Consultation = 228
• Survey Feedback = 229
• Strategic Planning = 231
• Summary = 231
• Key Terms = 232
• Discussion Questions = 233
• Suggested Readings = 234
• Ⅲ The Structural Framework for Education = 235
• 9 The Federal and State Government and Education = 236
• Focusing Questions = 236
• The Federal Role in Education = 236
• Changing Roles in the Federal Government and Education = 237
• Current Period: 1980s and 1990s Clarifying the Federal Role in Education = 239
• The Department of Education = 240
• Congressional Influence on Education = 242
• Federal Programs and Activities in Education = 243
• Grants for Schools = 243
• Grants for Colleges = 243
• Vocational Education Acts = 244
• Relief Acts = 244
• War Acts = 245
• National Defense Education Act = 245
• Compensatory Education Acts = 245
• Title IX = 246
• Bilingual Education = 246
• Education for the Handicapped = 248
• Educational Consolidation and Improvement Act(ECIA) = 250
• National Reform of Education = 252
• The Call for Excellence = 253
• Need for Caution = 260
• State Government and Education = 261
• State Hierarchy of Education = 261
• The Governor = 262
• State Legislatures = 264
• State Courts = 267
• State Education Agencies = 268
• The State Board of Education = 269
• Chief State School Officer = 270
• State Departments of Education = 271
• State Reform Movements = 272
• Lessons to Be Learned = 274
• State-School District Relationship = 275
• Guidelines for Reform = 278
• Summary = 280
• Key Terms = 282
• Discussion Questions = 283
• Suggested Readings = 283
• 10 Local School Districts = 284
• Focusing Questions = 284
• Local School Policy = 284
• Organization of School Districts = 285
• Size of School Districts = 286
• Number of School Districts = 286
• Students and Schools = 289
• Consolidation of School Districts = 289
• Decentralization of School Districts = 291
• Local School Boards = 295
• School Board-Public Problems = 296
• School Board Meetings = 297
• School Board Responsibilities = 298
• School Board Views on School Reform = 301
• State Standards: A National Movement = 304
• The School Superintendent = 305
• The Superintendent's Job = 305
• Superintendents' Salary and Performance = 306
• Up the Professional Ladder = 308
• The Superintendent and the School Board = 311
• Superintendents' Problems and Performance = 313
• Superintendents' Skill Areas = 318
• The Central Staff = 320
• Large Districts: Increased Central Offices = 321
• Small Districts: Understaffed Central Offices = 322
• Organizational Hierarchy = 323
• Efficiency Ratios = 323
• The Principal and the School = 326
• Conditions, Employment, and Trends = 326
• Leadership Role of the Principal = 329
• Managerial Role of the Principal = 333
• Curriculum-Instructional Role of the Principal = 334
• Effective Principals = 336
• Evaluation of Principals = 337
• Training and Preparation of Principals = 340
• Planning by Principals = 343
• Summary = 345
• Key Terms = 347
• Discussion Questions = 347
• Suggested Readings = 347
• 11 School Finance and Productivity = 348
• Focusing Question = 348
• Education and Economics = 348
• Tax Sources of School Revenues = 350
• Local Financing of Public Schools = 351
• Property Tax = 352
• User Fees = 352
• Tobacco Settlement = 353
• Urban/Suburban Disparities = 353
• Municipal and Educational Overburden = 353
• Spending versus Outcomes = 354
• State Financing of Public Schools = 355
• Sales Tax = 355
• Personal Income Tax = 356
• Lotteries and Other State Taxes = 356
• The States' Ability to Finance Education = 357
• State Financial Responsibility = 359
• State Funding Methods = 359
• School Budgeting = 360
• School Effectiveness and Productivity = 363
• Size of Schools = 363
• Effective Schools = 366
• Effective School Indicators = 367
• School Finance Trends = 370
• Streamlining Budgets = 371
• Environmental Hazards = 374
• Asbestos = 374
• Radon Gas = 375
• Electromagnetic Fields = 376
• School Lead = 377
• Indoor Air Quality = 379
• School Infrastructure Costs = 380
• Financing School Construction = 383
• International Comparisons of Education Spending = 385
• Summary = 387
• Key Terms = 387
• Discussion Questions = 389
• Suggested Readings = 389
• 12 Legal Considerations and Education = 390
• Focusing Questions = 390
• Legal Framework for Public Education = 390
• Federal Role in Education = 391
• State Role in Education = 392
• The Courts = 393
• The Law Professional Personnel = 394
• Certification = 395
• Contracts = 396
• Termination of Employment = 397
• Discrimination in Employment = 399
• Tort Liability = 403
• The Law and Students = 407
• School Attendance = 407
• Student Discipline = 411
• Freedom of Expression = 413
• Classification Practices = 416
• The Law and State Issues = 419
• School Desegregation = 419
• Church-State Relations = 420
• Financing Education = 423
• Summary = 427
• Key Terms = 427
• Discussion Questions = 428
• Suggested Readings = 429
• Ⅳ Administration of Programs and Services = 431
• 13 Curriculum Development and Implementation = 432
• Focusing Questions = 432
• Curriculum Definitions and Approaches = 433
• Behavioral Approach = 433
• Managerial Approach = 435
• Systems Approach = 436
• Humanistic Approach = 439
• Curriculum Development = 440
• Behavioral Model / Tyler = 440
• Managerial Model / Saylor ; Alexander ; Lewis = 443
• Systems Model / Macdonald = 444
• Hummanistic Model / Weinstein ; Fantini: = 446
• Nontechnical Model = 446
• Components of Curriculum Development = 448
• Criteria for Selecting Content = 448
• Criteria for Selecting Learning Experiences = 449
• Educational Environments = 450
• Leadership Considerations = 451
• The Roles of the Curriculum Worker = 453
• Responsibilities of the Curriculum Worker = 454
• The Teacher and the curriculum = 455
• How Implementation Occurs = 457
• Incrementalism = 457
• Communication = 459
• Cooperation = 459
• Support = 461
• Implementation as a Change Process = 462
• Change Typologies = 463
• Resistance to Change = 464
• Improving Receptivity to Change = 465
• Guidelines for Change = 464
• Leadership and Change = 469
• Change and Collaboration = 470
• Summary = 471
• Key Terms = 472
• Discussion Questions = 473
• Suggested Readings = 473
• 14 Analyzing and Improving Teaching = 474
• Focusing Questions = 474
• Review of the Research on Teaching = 475
• Teacher Styles = 476
• Research on Teacher Styles = 476
• Teacher Interaction = 477
• Verbal Communication = 478
• Nonverbal Communication = 481
• Teacher Expectations = 482
• Teacher Characteristics = 483
• Research on Teacher Characteristics = 484
• Teacher Effects = 485
• The Gage Model = 486
• The Good and Brophy Model = 486
• The Evertson and Emmer Model = 487
• The Master Teacher = 488
• Cautions and criticisms = 489
• Teacher Contexts: New Research, New Paradigms = 490
• Metaphor = 492
• Stories = 493
• Biographies and Autobiographies = 494
• The Expert Teacher = 495
• Voice = 496
• Helping the Beginning Teacher = 497
• Problems of Education Students and Beginning Teachers = 498
• How Beginning Teachers(Novices) Teach = 499
• Support from Colleagues for Beginning Teachers = 500
• Self-Evaluation = 503
• Reflection = 505
• Alternative Forms of Teacher Evaluation = 506
• Supervisory Evaluation and Assistance = 507
• Staff Development and Technology = 510
• Summary = 514
• Key Terms = 514
• Discussion Questions = 515
• Suggested Readings = 516
• 15 Human Resource Management = 517
• Focusing Questions = 517
• The Human Resource Management Process = 517
• Human Resource Planning = 518
• Job Analysis = 518
• Forecasting Demand and Supply = 521
• Legal Constraints = 522
• Affirmative Action Programs = 525
• Recruitment = 525
• Internal Sources = 526
• External Sources = 527
• Internal versus External Recruitment = 529
• Selection = 529
• Biographical Information = 529
• Reference Checks = 531
• Interviews = 533
• Tests = 534
• Assessment Centers = 537
• Hiring Decision = 537
• Training and Development = 537
• Assessment of Training Program = 539
• Performance Appraisal = 539
• Performance Appraisal Methods = 540
• Rating Errors = 544
• Compensation = 545
• Wages and Salaries = 546
• Union-Management Relations = 548
• Union Membership = 548
• Collective Bargaining = 548
• Summary = 555
• Key Terms = 557
• Discussion Questions = 557
• Suggested Readings = 559
• 16 Careers in Educational Administration = 560
• Focusing Questions = 560
• The Concept of Career = 561
• Career Stages = 561
• Stage 1: Apprentice = 561
• Stage 2: Independent Contributor = 562
• Stage 3: Mentor = 563
• Stage 4: Sponsor = 564
• Managing Career Stress = 565
• Sources of Stress = 565
• Effects of Stress = 567
• Coping with Stress = 568
• Career Development = 570
• Career Planning = 570
• Career Management = 573
• Administrator Preparation Programs = 575
• An Agenda for Reform = 576
• Restructuring Efforts Under Way = 577
• Women and Minorities in Educational Administration = 581
• Women in Educational Administration = 579
• Racial Minorities in Educational Administration = 581
• Programs for Women and Minorities = 582
• Summary = 584
• Key Terms = 585
• Discussion Questions = 585
• Suggested Readings = 585
• Name Index = 589
• Subject Index = 599