손창섭 소설 인물 연구 : 「생활적」, 「피해자」, 「혈서」를 중심으로 = A Study on Characters in Son Chang-Sop’s Fiction : Focusing on 「Saenghwaljeok」（생활적）, 「Pihaeja」（피해자）, and 「Hyeolseo」（혈서）

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study examines the aspects of existence that are omitted from language in Son Chang-Sop’s early short stories, focusing on 「Saenghwaljeok」（1954）, 「Pihaeja」（1955）, and 「Hyeolseo」（1955）. In this study, “language” does not refer only to speech and writing in a narrow sense. Rather, it refers to a broader linguistic-symbolic system through which names, roles, categories, norms, bodily gestures, groans, and other forms of expression are socially signified. This study analyzes how such a system places characters within categories such as normality/abnormality, living/non-living, perpetrator/victim, name/role, and body/function, while also examining the residues of existence that cannot be fully recognized within that system.

Previous criticism and research on Son Chang-Sop have often understood his characters through terms such as “abnormal person,” “pathological figure,” “social misfit,” “alienated human being,” or “disabled body.” These interpretations have contributed to identifying the distinctive character types and postwar atmosphere of Son Chang-Sop’s fiction. However, they have also tended to presuppose the very categories of normality and abnormality through which the characters are judged. This study therefore moves away from reading Son Chang-Sop’s characters as fixed types and focuses instead on the process by which they are named, classified, and recognized, as well as the process by which their existence escapes or is omitted from such acts of recognition.

For this purpose, this study first considers the postwar discourse of the 1950s, especially the norms of “생활,” normality, productivity, and social reconstruction. After the Korean War, the maintenance and management of life became closely connected to national reconstruction and social productivity. The postwar subject was expected to become a “living” and “normal” person who could work, consume, support a family, and contribute to rebuilding the nation. Against this background, Son Chang-Sop’s characters appear as beings who do not easily fit into the categories demanded by postwar society. However, this study does not interpret them simply as failures or deviations. Rather, it analyzes how the criteria of normality and social life classify them, and how their existence remains unrecognized in that process.

Chapter II, “‘생활인’의 조건과 그 ‘호명’의 대상,” analyzes 「Saenghwaljeok」（1954） and examines how the concept of “생활” functions as a social norm. Bong-su and Chun-ja appear to participate actively in social life through money, desire, and survival strategies, and their attitudes toward Dong-ju and Sun-i reveal how postwar norms of productivity and economic capacity are internalized by individuals. In contrast, Dong-ju’s silence and turning away, as well as Sun-i’s groan, are not reduced to helplessness or pathology. They are read as bodily expressions that resist or exceed the dominant linguistic-symbolic order. Through these figures, 「Saenghwaljeok」 reveals the possibility of a life outside the norms of productivity and normality, while also showing how such life is omitted from language.

Chapter III, “‘가해/피해’의 주체와 공간,” examines 「Pihaeja」（1955） and analyzes how the distinction between perpetrator and victim becomes unstable. Byeong-jun is repeatedly summoned through roles such as husband, son-in-law, father, employee, and breadwinner. Yet these roles do not recognize him as a whole person; they only demand the functions he is expected to perform. At the same time, the characters who exploit him are themselves shaped by postwar poverty, gender norms, family responsibility, and survival anxiety. The novel thus shows that perpetrator and victim are not fixed identities but shifting positions produced within the same structure. This chapter also interprets the house in 「Pihaeja」 as a baraque-like space: a place that enables minimum survival while repeatedly exposing the characters to social norms, economic pressure, and structural violence.

Chapter IV, “아무것도 할 수 없는 존재의 피,” analyzes 「Hyeolseo」（1955） and focuses on the process by which characters are reduced to functioning bodies. Jun-seok’s violence toward Dal-su is not treated merely as a matter of cruel personality, but as the result of internalized postwar norms of military masculinity, productivity, and bodily normality. Dal-su, while poor and anxious, also repeats the social schema of success through education, employment, and institutional status without being able to articulate his own desire. Chang-ae represents the point at which structural violence is most brutally concentrated, as she is treated not as a subject but as a body to be observed, discussed, exchanged, and used. Gyu-hong’s poem, which speaks of writing a blood letter, remains enclosed within language and fails to intervene in reality. Through these figures, 「Hyeolseo」 shows a world in which speech and action continue but cannot transform the structure that governs them.

In conclusion, this study argues that Son Chang-Sop’s early short stories reveal the limitations of linguistic and social categories in representing human existence. 「Saenghwaljeok」 shows how the category of “생활인” fails to recognize bodily gestures, silence, and groans as meaningful expressions. 「Pihaeja」 shows how names, roles, and the distinction between perpetrator and victim fail to grasp the pressured and divided existence of the characters. 「Hyeolseo」 shows how speech and action can be absorbed into the repetition of structural violence, reducing subjects to functioning bodies. Across these works, Son Chang-Sop’s characters cannot be fully understood as abnormal, pathological, passive, or alienated figures. Rather, they are beings who are placed within names and roles, yet exceed them; they are beings who attempt to express themselves, yet are not fully recognized.

Therefore, Son Chang-Sop’s fiction should not be read merely as a representation of postwar misery or pathological humanity. Rather, it should be understood as a literary exploration of how language, norms, and social categories attempt to capture human beings and how they inevitably leave something behind. His characters reveal the existence that remains after naming, classification, and judgment have done their work. By focusing on that remainder, this study reconsiders Son Chang-Sop’s characters as beings who expose the failure of the dominant linguistic-symbolic system and the possibility of an existence that cannot be completely called, classified, or contained.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서 론 1
• 1. 연구 목적 및 문제 제기 1
• 2. 연구사 검토 4
• 3. 연구 방법 24
• 4. 연구 대상 및 범주 30
• Ⅱ. '생활인'의 조건과 그 '호명'의 대상 34
• 1. '생활인'들의 사회생활 34
• 2. 몸으로 하는 말: 돌아누움과 침묵 41
• 3. 국가가 듣지 못하는 말: 신음 49
• Ⅲ. '가해/피해'의 주체와 공간 56
• 1. 이름과 역할의 분절 56
• 2. '가해/피해'의 혼돈과 인물 62
• 3. 집이되, 집이 아닌 바라크（baraque） 67
• Ⅳ. 아무것도 할 수 없는 존재의 피 72
• 1. 피 흘리게 하는 부재 72
• 2. 폭력의 방향성과 신체가 되는 주체 76
• 3. 아무것도 바꿀 수 없는 존재들 81
• Ⅴ. 결 론 90
• 참 고 문 헌 94
• ABSTRACT 99