Bongnyeogwan’s first encounter with faith in Avalokitesvara happened when she received a statue of Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva from a bhikkhu who passed by in front of her house in 1899. While crossing on a boat to Biyangdo Island in 1901, she surviv...
Bongnyeogwan’s first encounter with faith in Avalokitesvara happened when she received a statue of Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva from a bhikkhu who passed by in front of her house in 1899. While crossing on a boat to Biyangdo Island in 1901, she survived a strong storm and became convinced of the power of Avalokitesvara.
Bongnyeogwan, the first bhikkhuni from modern Jeju, established Gwaneumsa Temple on Mt. Hallasan, and founded about 10 temples on Jeju Island and in Osaka, Japan. In this way she ended a dark period in Jeju Buddhism that had lasted over 200 years, and firmly established Jeju Buddhism in the modern era.
By establishing the Jeju Buddhist Girls Group and Jeju Buddhist Women’s Association, she focused on nurturing “new women” and organized a Yeombul Association at several dharma propagation centers tied to Gwaneumsa Temple where she held a monthly yeombul assembly to practice reciting the names of buddhas. She also held an annual 15-day yeombul practice event in the second lunar month. In this way she united Jeju Buddhists into a cohesive group.
Having decided to fight against Japan in 1909, Bongnyeogwan founded Beopjeongsa Temple in 1911 which also became a hideout for anti-Japanese resistance fighters; she also led the Beopjeongsa Anti-Japanese Movement that was formed in 1918. For over 30 years she raised funds for the anti-Japanese movement, never ceasing in her efforts to regain national pride. Today she is recognized as the first bhikkhuni anti-Japanese activist, and she is also listed as one of 100 female Korean independence activists.
Bongnyeogwan actively worked to overcome the difficulties faced by Jeju’s citizens, working in solidarity with local residents and social groups. A list of her achievements include: establishing a kindergarten and the Jeju Middle-School-Level Training Institute, provided funds for community events, repaired the devastated Dongsu Stream, had five wells dug to provide drinking water, and served as an executive member of the Famine Relief Association, fulfilling her responsibilities to resolve community problems.
Bongnyeogwan expanded the horizons of Jeju Buddhism by reforming and revitalizing Jeju Buddhism based on faith in Avalokitesvara and a spirit of conscientious nationalism. In Jeju Buddhist history, since Bongnyeogwan, no one has come along who can surpass her achievements. Some say that Bongnyeogwan’s life is the history of modern Jeju Buddhism, and that the history of modern Jeju Buddhism is Bongnyeogwan’s life. Her bold and enterprising actions in difficult times were equal to the actions of other outstanding women who received an elite education at the time. We should acknowledge our debt to women like Bongnyeogwan and recognize her as one of Korea’s outstanding female leaders.
KEYWORDS
Bongnyeogwan, Jeju Buddhism, Beopjeongsa Anti-Japanese Movement, Gwaneumsa Temple, Seongnae Dharma Propaga-tion Center, Beophwasa Temple, Jeju Middle-School-Level Training Institute