Global Positioning System : theory and practice

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Abbreviations = xix
• Numerical constants = xxiii
• 1 Introduction = 1
• 1.1 The origins of surveying = 1
• 1.2 Development of global surveying techniques = 1
• 1.2.1 Optical global triangulation = 2
• 1.2.2 Electromagnetic global trilateration = 2
• 1.3 History of the Global Positioning System = 3
• 1.3.1 Navigating with GPS = 4
• 1.3.2 Surveying with GPS = 6
• 2 Overview of GPS = 13
• 2.1 Basic concept = 13
• 2.2 Space segment = 14
• 2.2.1 Constellation = 14
• 2.2.2 Satellites = 15
• 2.2.3 Operational capabilities = 19
• 2.2.4 Denial of accuracy and acces = 19
• 2.3 Control segment = 21
• 2.3.1 Master control station = 22
• 2.3.2 Monitor stations = 22
• 2.3.3 Ground control stations = 22
• 2.4 User segment = 23
• 2.4.1 User categories = 23
• 2.4.2 Receiver types = 24
• 2.4.3 Information services = 26
• 3 Reference systems = 29
• 3.1 Introduction = 29
• 3.2 Coordinate systems = 31
• 3.2.1 Definitions = 31
• 3.2.2 Transformations = 34
• 3.3 Time systems = 38
• 3.3.1 Definitions = 38
• 3.3.2 Conversions = 40
• 3.3.3 Calendar = 41
• 4 Satellite orbits = 43
• 4.1 Introduction = 43
• 4.2 Orbit description = 43
• 4.2.1 Keplerian motion = 43
• 4.2.2 Perturbed motion = 51
• 4.2.3 Disturbing accelerations = 54
• 4.3 Orbit determination = 58
• 4.3.1 Keplerian orbit = 59
• 4.3.2 perturbed orbit = 62
• 4.4 Orbit dissemination = 67
• 4.4.1 Tracking networks = 67
• 4.4.2 Ephemerides = 70
• 5 Satellite signal = 75
• 5.1 Signal structure = 75
• 5.1.1 Physical fundamentals = 75
• 5.1.2 Components of the signal = 76
• 5.2 Signal Processing = 81
• 5.2.1 Receiver design = 82
• 5.2.2 Processing techniques = 84
• 6 Observables = 89
• 6.1 Data acquisition = 89
• 6.1.1 Code pseudoranges = 89
• 6.1.2 Phase pseudoranges = 90
• 6.1.3 Doppler data = 92
• 6.1.4 Biases and noise = 93
• 6.2 Data combinations = 94
• 6.2.1 Linear phase combinations = 95
• 6.2.2 Phase and code pseudorange combinations = 96
• 6.3 Atmospheric effects = 99
• 6.3.1 Phase and group velocity = 99
• 6.3.2 Ionospteric refraction = 101
• 6.3.3 Tropospheric refraction = 108
• 6.4 Relativistic effects = 117
• 6.4.1 Special relativity = 117
• 6.4.2 General relativity = 120
• 6.4.3 Relevant relativistic effects for GPS = 121
• 6.5 Antenna phase center offset and variat = 123
• 6.6 MultiPath = 124
• 7 Surveying with GPS = 129
• 7.1 Itroduction = 129
• 7.1.1 Terminology definitions = 129
• 7.1.2 Observation technique = 131
• 7.1.3 Impact of SA on positioning = 136
• 7.1.4 Field equipment = 140
• 7.2 Planning a GPS survey = 143
• 7.2.1 General remarks = 143
• 7.2.2 Presurvey planning = 144
• 7.2.3 Field reconnaissance = 152
• 7.2.4 Mounmentation = 154
• 7.2.5 Organizational design = 154
• 7.3 Surveying procedure = 159
• 7.3.1 Preobservation = 159
• 7.3.2 Observation = 161
• 7.3.3 Postobservation = 163
• 7.3.4 Ties to control mounments = 164
• 7.4 In situ data processing = 165
• 7.4.1 Data transfer = 165
• 7.4.2 Data processing = 166
• 7.4.3 Trouble shooting and quality control = 168
• 7.4.4 Datum transformations = 173
• 7.4.5 Computation of plane coordinates = 176
• 7.5 Survey report = 176
• 8 Mathematical models for positioning = 179
• 8.1 Point positioning = 179
• 8.1.1 Point positioning with code ranges = 179
• 8.1.2 Point positioning with carrier phases = 181
• 8.1.3 Point positioning with Doppler data = 182
• 8.2 Relative positioning = 183
• 8.2.1 Phase differences = 183
• 8.2.2 Correlations of the phase combinations = 186
• 8.2.3 Static relative positioning = 191
• 8.2.4 kinematic relatve positioning = 193
• 8.2.5 Mixed-mode relative positioning = 196
• 9 Data processing = 199
• 9.1 Data preprocessing = 199
• 9.1.1 Data handling = 199
• 9.1.2 Cycle slip detection and repair = 204
• 9.1.3 Ambiguity resolution = 212
• 9.2 Adjustment, filterlng, and smoothing = 227
• 9.2.1 Least squares adjustment = 227
• 9.2.2 Kalman filtering = 231
• 9.2.3 Smoothing = 235
• 9.3 Adjustment of mathematical GPS models = 235
• 9.3.1 Linearization = 235
• 9.3.2 Linear model for point positioning with cod ranges = 237
• 9.3.3 Linear model for point positioning with carrier phases = 239
• 9.3.4 Linear model for relative positioning = 242
• 9.4 Network adjustment = 244
• 9.4.1 Single baseline solution = 244
• 9.4.2 Multipoint solution = 245
• 9.4.3 Single baseline versus multipoint solution = 249
• 9.5 Dilution of precision = 249
• 10 Transformation of GPS results = 255
• 10.1 Introduction = 255
• 10.2 Coordinate transformations = 255
• 10.2.1 Cartesian coordinates and ellipsoidal coordinat = 255
• 10.2.2 Ellipsoidal coordinates and plane coordinates = 258
• 10.2.3 Height transformation = 263
• 10.3 Datum transformations = 266
• 10.3.1 Three-dimensional transformation = 267
• 10.3.2 Two-dimensional transformation = 271
• 10.3.3 One-dimensional transformation = 274
• 10.4 Combining GPS and terrestrial data = 276
• 10.5 Fiducial point concept = 278
• 11 Software modules = 279
• 11.1 Introduction = 279
• 11.2 Planning = 280
• 11.3 Data transfer = 281
• 11.4 Data processing = 281
• 11.5 Quality control = 284
• 11.6 Network computations = 284
• 11.7 Data base management = 285
• 11.8 Utilities = 286
• 11.9 Flexbility = 287
• 12 Applications of GPS = 289
• 12.1 General uses of GPS = 289
• 12.1.1 Global uses = 290
• 12.1.2 Regional uses = 291
• 12.1.3 Local uses = 294
• 12.2 Attitude determination = 295
• 12.3 Airborne GPS for photo-control = 298
• 12.4 Interoperability of GPS = 300
• 12.4.1 GPS and Inertial Navigation Systems = 300
• 12.4.2 GPS and GLONASS = 301
• 12.4.3 GPS and other sensors = 302
• 12.4.4 GPS and the Federal Radionavigation Plan = 303
• 12.5 Instailation of control networks = 303
• 12.5.1 Passive control networks = 304
• 12.5.2 Active control networks = 306
• 13 Future of GPS = 309
• 13.1 New application aspects = 309
• 13.2 Improved constellation = 310
• 13.2.1 Next generation GPS satellite = 310
• 13.2.2 GLONASS satellites = 311
• 13.2.3 INMARSAT satellites = 311
• 13.2.4 Econosats = 311
• 13.3 Hardware improvements = 312
• 13.3.1 Receiver cost = 312
• 13.3.2 Receiver capability = 312
• 13.4 Software improvements = 313
• 13.5 Conclusion = 314
• References = 317
• Subject index = 343