In mammals, the epidermis is a stratified epithelium that acts as a barrier preserving the organism from dehydration, uncontrolled thermoregulation and potentially environmental damage. It requires a correct balance between proliferation, differentiat...
In mammals, the epidermis is a stratified epithelium that acts as a barrier preserving the organism from dehydration, uncontrolled thermoregulation and potentially environmental damage. It requires a correct balance between proliferation, differentiation and controlled apoptosis. The process of differentiation implies that basal keratinocytes cease to proliferate, lose adherence to the basement membrane and migrate to outer layers called spinous (SL), granular (GL) and stratum corneum (SC). During human skin development, basal cells move outwards. The gene expression of basal keratinocytes such as keratin K5 is repressed and switches towards differentiation specific markers including keratins K1 and K10.
Terminal differentiation of skin keratinocytes is a vertically directed multi-step process that is tightly controlled by the sequential expression of a variety of genes. Previously I examined the gene expression profile, throughout the study, many differentiation-related genes are found to be expressed in a temporally-regulated manner.
In this study, I attempted to find the hub-molecules and their intracellular signaling networks during keratinocyte differentiation using in silico analysis of data obtained from previous studies. I used protein-protein interaction prediction software called PSIMAP, and drew a hypothetical signaling network. I chose one candidate hub molecule SHC1 that was predicted to link EGFR and MAPK signal, and then evaluated the protein-protein interactions experimentally. As predicted, SHC1 bound to the MEK1 in an EGF-regulated manner. Furthermore, SHC1 bound to the MEK1 and p38 MAPK in a keratinocyte differentiation -dependent manner. These results demonstrate that in silico protein-protein interaction prediction system can be used to efficiently and cost-effectively select the experimental candidates.
Also I selected another candidate molecule glucocortioid receptor (GR) that was predicted to involve in keratinocyte differentiation and to play a important role in this conditions. Glucocorticoids (GC) are a class of characterised by an ability to bind with the glucocorticoid receptor and mediate profound and diverse physiological effects in vertebrate development, metabolism, neurobiology and programmed cell death. Although glucocorticoid (GC) analogs are widely prescribed as the treatment of choice in many cutaneous disorders, the role of GCs in skin development has not been completely deciphered. Since GC effects are mediated through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), studying the impact of the gain- and loss of- function of GR in skin development and function through genetically modified mice constitutes a relevant issue from the basic and clinical perspective.
GR acts through the so-called genomic and non-genomic actions exerting pleiotropic roles in many tissues including skin. GR belongs to the superfamily of steroid nuclear receptors and is a ligand-dependent transcription factor. In the absence of ligand, GR resides in the cytoplasm associated with chaperones such as Hsp90 in an inactive form. Upon ligand binding, GR dissociates from cytoplasmic complexes, dimerizes and translocates to the nucleus, where it can then regulate gene transcription by binding to positive and negative glucocorticoid response elements (GREs).
In an attempt to delineate the mechanism responsible for the beneficial versus adverse effects of GR in epidermal keratinocytes, I investigate the molecular events of GR involved in keratinocyte differentiation. As a result, the endogenous GR expression was increased in suprabasal region of epidermis of human tissue, also in differentiating keratinocyte by calcium. The involucrin, the early differentiation marker of keratinocyte, was increased by GR overexpression in immortalized human keratinocyte HaCaT. In addition, GR overexpression was sufficient to cause MAPK activation in a ligand-independent manner.