Interpersonal communication

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• PART 1 Introductory Perspectives = 2
• CHAPTER 1 Introduction : Communication and Competence = 4
• What Is Communication? = 6
• Definitions of Human Communication = 7
• Characteristics of Communication = 8
• BOX 1.1 Bonzo Goes to College : Attempts to Teach Language to Primates = 10
• The Nature of Communicative Competence = 13
• A Model of Communicative Competence = 14
• BOX 1.2 Insulting the Meat : An Interpersonal Communication Ritual = 18
• The Link between Process and Performance = 20
• Skill Building : On Taking a Process Perspective = 21
• Process to Performance = 21
• Review Terms = 23
• Suggested Readings = 24
• CHAPTER 2 Interpersonal Communication : Building Relationships = 26
• What Is Interpersonal Communication? = 27
• The Situational Approach = 27
• The Developmental Approach = 29
• Criticizing the Situational / Developmental Views = 32
• Forming Interpersonal Bonds = 33
• BOX 2.1 Is It Live or Is It Memorex? Forms of Mediated Interpersonal Communication = 34
• Creating Interpersonal Relationships = 34
• Sending Interpersonal Messages = 36
• A Systems View of Interpersonal Communication = 37
• Relational Paths : Intimacy and Distance = 41
• Interpersonal Trajectories : Private and Public Paths = 41
• Independence Versus Conformity : A Basic Interpersonal Dilemma = 43
• BOX 2.2 Mind Your Manners : Some Social Functions of Etiquette = 44
• Building Relationships : Levels of Relational Competence = 44
• Skill Building : A Preview = 46
• Process to Performance = 47
• Review Terms = 49
• Suggested Readings = 49
• PART 2 Interpersonal Processes = 50
• CHAPTER 3 Social Cognition : How We Perceive Individuals, Relationships, and Social Events = 52
• Why Is Social Cognition Important in Interpersonal Communication? = 54
• Social Cognition and the Reception of Messages = 54
• Social Cognition and Action = 55
• Social Cognition and Control = 55
• Communication and Changes in Social Cognitions = 57
• The Structure of Social Cognition = 57
• How the Mind Works = 57
• Types of Cognitive Structures = 58
• The Perceptual Process : An Overview = 60
• Creating Structure, Stability, and Meaning = 60
• BOX 3.1 Perception Goes to the Movies : How Cinematographers Influence What We See = 62
• Selective Exposure and Attention = 65
• Interpreting and Organizing Stimuli = 65
• Four Processes in Interpersonal Perception = 67
• Sizing Up Situations = 68
• Sizing Up People = 71
• BOX3.2 Why Are We Impressed? Prototypic Judgments of the Competent Communicator = 74
• Sizing Up Relationships = 77
• Explaining Behavior : Attribution Theories = 79
• Skill Building : Becoming a Competent Listener = 84
• Types of Listening = 85
• Developing Listening Skills = 86
• Process to Performance = 87
• Review Terms = 90
• Suggested Readings = 90
• CHAPTER 4 Interpersonal Communication and Social Rules : Adapting to Social Expectations = 92
• Being Part of the Group : Following Social Roles = 93
• Social Control and Conformity Pressures = 94
• The Nature of Social Roles = 94
• BOX 4.1 They Just Like to Be Not the Same as Us : Play Patterns and the Development of Sex Role Identities = 96
• Choosing Our Roles = 98
• Social Support and Role Identity = 98
• Commitment and Role Identity = 100
• Rewards and Role Identity = 100
• How Social Roles Affect Communication = 101
• Creating the Ideal Character : The Need for Face-Work = 101
• Getting Ready for the Play : Other Aspects of Self-Presentation = 102
• Interpreting Our Scripts : Cultural Elements = 106
• Skill Building : Becoming More Mindful = 107
• Mindfulness and Open-Mindedness = 107
• BOX 4.2 A Gathering of strangers : City Life in the 18th Century = 108
• Increasing Mindfulness = 109
• Process to Performance = 111
• Review Terms = 112
• Suggested Readings = 113
• CHAPTER 5 Interpersonal Communication and Personal Identity : Establishing Individuality = 114
• BOX 5.1 Zen and the Art of Selflessness : "What Is Your Original Face Before Your Mother and Father Were Born?" = 116
• Self-Concepts : Gaining Independence from Social Roles and Rules = 118
• What Is the Self-Concept? = 118
• How Does the Self-Concept Develop and Change? = 123
• BOX 5.2 A Minnesota Bird Lost in America : What Is Personal Identity? = 124
• Self-Concepts and Interpersonal Communication = 129
• Self-Schemata = 130
• Life Scripts = 130
• Self-Handicapping Strategies = 130
• Self-Identity and Communication Behavior = 131
• Individual Differences and Interpersonal Communication = 132
• Communicator Style = 132
• Rhetorical Sensitivity = 134
• Communication Apprehension = 135
• Skill Building : Improving Competence through Self-Disclosure = 135
• What Is Self-Disclosure? = 136
• Mastering the Rules of Self-Disclosure = 137
• Process to Performance = 139
• Review Terms = 141
• Suggested Readings = 141
• CHAPTER 6 Achieving Goals : Interpersonal Influence = 142
• BOX 6.1 Moon for the Misbegotten : Methods of Cult Conversion = 144
• Communication and Strategic Interaction = 144
• Instrumental, Relational, and Identity Issues = 144
• Symbolic Role-Taking and Social Sensitivity = 146
• Understanding Others' Needs = 146
• The Need for Rewards = 146
• The Need for Stability and Consistency = 151
• The Need for Self-Respect = 156
• Summary : Choice and Motivation = 158
• Identity and Influence : Source Characteristics = 158
• Power and Interpersonal Influence = 159
• Self-Presentation Strategies = 160
• Influence as Self-Persuasion = 161
• Planning Persuasive Messages : Compliance-Gaining Strategies = 163
• Kinds of Message Strategies = 163
• BOX 6.2 Caveat Emptor : Techniques of Confidence Tricksters = 164
• The Structure of Requests = 164
• Interpersonal Influence and Goal Competence = 167
• Skill Building : Becoming More Assertive = 167
• Process to Performance = 169
• Review Terms = 171
• Suggested Readings = 171
• CHAPTER 7 Coding Interpersonal Messages : Nonverbal Communication = 172
• What Is Nonverbal Communication? = 174
• Spontaneous Communication = 176
• Symbolic Communication = 176
• The Power of Nonverbal Codes = 176
• The Functions of Nonverbal Codes : Three Ways to Use Them = 178
• Expressing Meaning = 178
• Modifying Verbal Messages = 179
• Regulating the Flow of Interaction = 179
• BOX 7.1 Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain : Processing Nonverbal Communication = 180
• The Structure of Nonverbal Codes : Seven Channels for Message Making = 180
• Proxemics = 181
• Physical Appearance = 185
• Gaze = 186
• Facial Expression = 188
• Kinesics = 190
• BOX 7.2 The Big Lie : Can You See It Coming? = 192
• Vocalics = 195
• Tactile Communication = 196
• Balancing Nonverbal Codes : Compensating and Reciprocating = 198
• Equilibrium Theory = 199
• Compensating and Reciprocating in Everyday Life = 200
• The Interplay of verbal and Nonverbal Communication = 200
• Skill Building : Communicating Feelings = 202
• Expressing Feelings = 202
• Reflecting Feelings = 203
• Process to Performance = 205
• Review Terms = 207
• Suggested Readings = 207
• CHAPTER 8 Coding Interpersonal Message : Verbal Communication = 208
• What Is Language? = 209
• Differences between the Verbal and Nonverbal Codes = 210
• The Power of the Verbal Code = 212
• The Functions of Language = 213
• The Structure of Language : Three Levels of Meaning = 214
• Semantic Meaning : Language at the Level of the Word = 214
• Syntactic Meaning : Language at the Level of the Utterance = 216
• Pragmatic Meaning : Language at the Level of the Speech Act = 216
• BOX 8.1 Please Pass the Conversation : Conversational Styles and Relational Definitions = 220
• Language, Thought, and Behavior = 220
• Linguistic Determinism : The Sapir- Whorf Hypothesis = 220
• The Effects of Group Membership on Language Use = 222
• BOX 8.2 Talking Tough in Teamsterville : Male Role Enactment in an Urban Community = 223
• Language Confusion : A General Semantics Approach = 225
• Skill Building : Initiating Conversations = 227
• Initiating Talk = 228
• Using Free Information During Conversation = 229
• Closing Conversations = 230
• Process to Performance = 230
• Review Terms = 232
• Suggested Readings = 233
• CHAPTER 9 Affecting Others : Sending Relational Messages = 234
• What Are Relational Messages? = 236
• The Nature of Relational Messages = 236
• Sending Relational Messages = 236
• Relational Messages and Relational Definitions = 238
• The Content of Relational Messages = 239
• Sending Dominance Messages = 239
• BOX 9.1 The Children of Bulldogs Banks : A Study of the Development of Group Culture = 240
• Indicating Emotional Tone = 243
• Showing Similarity = 243
• Defining Episodes = 243
• Indicating Intimacy = 244
• How Relational Messages Affect Us = 245
• Confirming and Disconfirming Messages = 245
• Paradoxes and Double Binds = 246
• Pragmatic Patterns and Relational Sequences = 248
• Looking for Meaning in Patterns = 248
• Patterns Versus People : The Locus of Dyadic Communication = 249
• The Problem of Punctuation = 249
• Types of Patterns = 250
• BOX 9.2 Schismogenesis : Patterns of Role Differentiation in a New Guinea Village = 252
• Skill Building : Empathy and Perspective-Taking = 253
• Process to Performance = 255
• Review Terms = 257
• Suggested Readings = 257
• PART 3 Relational Contexts = 258
• CHAPTER 10 Family Interaction Patterns = 260
• Maintaining Family Ties = 261
• The Family as a System : Structure and Function = 262
• Family Structures = 264
• The Functions of the Family = 270
• BOX 10.1 Family Space : "We Shape Our Buildings and They Shape Us" = 272
• The Evolving Family : Calibrating Change = 276
• The Dynamics of Change in the Family = 276
• Strategies for Coping with Change = 279
• Family Communication Patterns = 280
• Interaction Patterns in the Family as a Whole = 281
• BOX10.2 Childhood in the 18th Century : What Shapes the Family That Shapes Us? = 282
• Interaction Patterns in Family Subsystems = 284
• Skill Building : Communicating to Comfort = 290
• Process to Performance = 292
• Review Terms = 293
• Suggested Readings = 294
• CHAPTER 11 Intimate Relationships : Creating Dyadic Identities = 296
• How Are Intimate Relationships Formed? = 297
• Defining Private Bonds = 298
• Friendships and Romantic Relationships = 299
• BOX 11.1 Adversarial Relations : The Intimate Enemy = 300
• Historical Influences in Defining Intimacy = 300
• The Creation of Intimate Relations = 302
• Interpersonal Attraction : Opening the Door = 305
• Duck's Filtering Theory of Attraction = 306
• Interpersonal Magnets : Factors That Pull Us Together and Push Us Apart = 307
• The Closer the Better : Revealing Self to Other = 310
• Stages of Development in Friendship = 310
• Stages of Development in Romantic Coupling = 313
• Two Close for Comfort : Maintaining Identity in Intimate Relationships = 318
• Balancing Self-Identity and Relational Identity = 318
• BOX 11.2 "Go Away a Little Closer!" : Why Men and Women Don't See Eye to Eye on Intimacy = 320
• Stages of Relationship Dissolution = 323
• Skill Building : Managing Interpersonal Conflict and Stress = 326
• Positive Aspects of Interpersonal Conflict = 326
• Mismanaged Conflict = 326
• Effective Feedback During Conflict = 327
• Conflict Containment = 328
• Process to Performance = 329
• Review Terms = 330
• Suggested Readings = 330
• CHAPTER 12 Impersonal Relationships : Communicating with Colleagues and Other Strangers = 332
• Interpersonal Communication in Public Situations = 334
• Participants in Public Interactions = 334
• Criteria for Managing Public Interactions = 334
• Interpersonal Communication in Professional Dyads = 338
• Communicating in the Supervisor-Subordinate Relationship = 339
• Communicating in the Helping Professions = 343
• Communicating with Strangers : Customer Relations = 344
• Interpersonal Communication in Groups and Organizations = 345
• Interpersonal Relationships in Small Groups = 345
• BOX 12.1 Smile Wars : The Emotional Price of Friendly Relations = 346
• Interpersonal Communication in the Organization = 350
• BOX 12.2 Business Etiquette : The Fine Art of Managing Relationships at Work = 352
• Skill Building : Creative Conflict Management and Negotiation = 355
• Choosing Your Conflict Style = 356
• Taking a Problem-Solving Approach to Negotiation = 358
• Rules for Cooperative Problem Solving = 360
• Process to Performance = 362
• Review Terms = 364
• Suggested Readings = 365
• CHAPTER 13 Cross-Cultural Communication = 366
• What Is Culture? = 368
• Shifting Cultural Identities = 368
• The Effects of Culture = 369
• What Is Cross-Cultural Communication? = 372
• Communicating Across National Boundaries = 373
• Dimensions of Culture = 373
• American Cultural Identity = 375
• Coping with Uncertainty = 379
• Crossing Ethnic and Regional Barriers = 385
• Prejudice and the Social Construction of Reality = 385
• Ethnic, Regional, and Class Differences = 390
• BOX 13.1 If You Can't Stand the Shame, Don't Play the Game : Playing the Dozens as a Conflict-Reducing Ritual = 393
• Bridging the Gender Gap = 395
• Verbal Communication Differences Between Men and Women = 395
• BOX 13.2 The Nine Nations of North America : A Matter of Perception = 396
• Nonverbal Communication Differences Between Men and Women = 399
• Interpreting Gender Differences = 399
• Avoiding Sexist Language = 401
• Skill Building : Increasing Cross-Cultural Competence = 402
• Adapting to International Differences = 402
• Increasing Subcultural Understanding = 404
• Process to Performance = 405
• Review Terms = 406
• Suggested Readings = 406
• References = 409
• Indexes = 428
• Illustration Credits = 441