Dialectology

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Maps = ⅸ
• Figures = xi
• Tables = xii
• Preface to the second edition = xiii
• The international phonetic alphabet = xiv
• BACKGROUND
• 1 Dialect and language = 3
• 1.1 Mutual intelligibility = 3
• 1.2 Language, dialect and accent = 4
• 1.3 Geographical dialect continua = 5
• 1.4 Social dialect continua = 7
• 1.5 Autonomy and heteronomy = 9
• 1.6 Discreteness and continuity = 12
• Further information = 12
• 2 Dialect geography = 13
• 2.1 The impetus for dialect geography = 13
• 2.2 An outline history of dialect geography = 15
• 2.3 The methods of dialect geography = 21
• 2.3.1 The questionnaire = 21
• 2.3.2 Linguistic maps = 25
• 2.3.3 The selection of informants = 29
• Further information = 31
• 3 Dialectology and linguistics = 32
• 3.1 Dialectology and philology = 32
• 3.2 Structural dialectology = 33
• 3.2.1 Inventory, distribution and incidence = 36
• 3.2.2 Lexical correspondences = 37
• 3.3 Generative dialectology = 39
• 3.4 Polylectal grammars = 42
• Further information = 44
• 4 Urban dialectology = 45
• 4.1 Social dialects = 45
• 4.2 Urban dialects = 45
• 4.3 Representativeness = 47
• 4.4 Obtaining data = 48
• 4.5 Classifying informants = 49
• 4.6 The linguistic variable = 49
• Further information = 53
• SOCIAL VARIATION
• 5 Social differentiation and language = 57
• 5.1 Language and social class = 57
• 5.2 Stylistic differentiation = 59
• 5.3 Sex differentiation = 61
• 5.4 Other aspects of social differentiation in language = 63
• 5.4.1 Language and ethnic group = 63
• 5.4.2 Social networks = 64
• 5.4.3 Individual characteristics = 67
• Further information = 68
• 6 Sociolinguistic structure and linguistic innovation = 70
• 6.1 Indicators and makers = 70
• 6.1.1 Overt stigmatisation = 72
• 6.1.2 Linguistic change = 72
• 6.1.3 Phonological contrast = 73
• 6.1.4 Stereotypes = 75
• 6.2 The study of linguistic change = 76
• 6.2.1 Patterns of age differentiation = 78
• 6.3 Mechanisms of linguistic change = 81
• 6.3.1 Stylistic variation = 82
• 6.3.2 The role of sex = 83
• 6.3.3 Covert prestige = 85
• Further information = 86
• SPATIAL VARIATION
• 7 Boundaries = 89
• 7.1 Isoglosses = 89
• 7.2 Patterns of isoglosses = 91
• 7.2.1 Criss-cross = 91
• 7.2.2 Transitions = 93
• 7.2.3 Relic areas = 94
• 7.3 Bundles = 94
• 7.4 Grading of isoglosses = 96
• 7.5 Cultural correlates of isoglosses = 100
• 7.6 Isoglosses and dialect variation = 103
• Further information = 103
• 8 Transitions = 104
• 8.1 Gradual and abrupt transition = 104
• 8.2 Introduction to the variables = 105
• 8.3 The transition zone for (u) = 106
• 8.4 Mixed and fudged lects = 110
• 8.5 The variable (a) = 113
• 8.6 Transitions in general = 118
• 8.7 Dialect variation and mapping = 118
• 8.7.1 A relic feature in the west midlands = 119
• 8.7.2 The interplay of social and geographical variation = 120
• 8.7.3 Mapping social variation directly = 121
• Further information = 123
• MECHANISMS OF VARIATION
• 9 Variability = 127
• 9.1 The variable as a structural unit = 127
• 9.1.1 Variability as accidental = 128
• 9.1.2 Variability as essential = 128
• 9.1.3 Variable constraints = 130
• 9.2 Implicational scales = 131
• 9.2.1 Default singulars in Alabama = 132
• 9.2.2 (C$$\underline C$$) in northern England = 133
• 9.3 Handling quantitative data = 135
• 9.4 Quantifying geographic variables = 136
• 9.4.1 Dialectometry = 137
• 9.4.2 Multidimensional scaling = 140
• 9.4.3 A transition zone in Ohio = 142
• 9.4.4 Correspondence analysis of the matrix = 144
• 9.4.5 Linguistic distance and geographic distance = 147
• Further information = 148
• 10 Diffusion ： sociolinguistic and lexical = 149
• 10.1 Real time and apparent time = 149
• 10.1.1 Age-graded changes = 151
• 10.2 Innovators of change = 153
• 10.2.1 A class-based innovation in Norwich = 153
• 10.2.2 A sex-based innovation in Belfast = 155
• 10.2.3 An age-based innovation in the Golden Horseshoe = 157
• 10.3 Lexical diffusion = 159
• Further information = 165
• 11 Diffusion ： geographical = 166
• 11.1 Spatial diffusion of language = 167
• 11.2 Spatial linguistics = 167
• 11.3 Linguistic areas = 168
• 11.4 Uvular ／ r ／ in Europe = 170
• 11.5 Diffusion down the urban hierarchy = 172
• 11.6 Cartographical representation of spatial diffusion = 176
• 11.6.1 The Norwegian study = 177
• 11.7 Explanations in sociolinguistic dialect geography = 178
• 11.8 Further refinements to the model = 185
• Further information = 186
• 12 Cohesion in dialectology = 187
• Further information = 189
• References = 190
• Index = 198