Dynamics of intercultural communication

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = xv
• Part 1 Introduction and Background to Intercultural Communication = 1
• 1 Overview to Intercultural Communication = 2
• Objectives = 2
• Defining Intercultural Communication = 3
• A Model of Intercultural Communication = 6
• The Intercultural Communication Model = 6
• Personality and Communicator Style Influencing Intercultural Communication = 10
• Interpersonal Perception Factors Influencing Intercultural Communication = 10
• Cultural Differences Perceived in Communication = 10
• Plan for This Book = 14
• Developing Skills in Preparing for Intercultural Communication = 14
• This Chapter in Perspective = 16
• Exercises = 16
• 2 Background to Intercultural Communication = 17
• Objectives = 17
• Axioms behind Intercultural Communication = 18
• Intercultural Communication Assumes the Perception of Difference = 18
• Intercultural Communication Has Both Content Relationship Dimensions = 19
• Personal Style Affects Our First Impressions, Which Influence Intercultural Communication = 20
• Intercultural Communication Involves Reducing Uncertianty = 21
• Intercultural Communication Involves Fundamental Attitudes Toward Groups and Relationships = 22
• Communication Is Central to Culture = 23
• Intercultural Effectiveness Is a Goal of Intercultural Communication = 24
• The Origins of Intercultural Communication = 24
• Dealing with International Differences = 24
• Dealing with Domestic Diversity = 27
• Developing an Academic Perspective = 28
• Developing Skills Dealing with Intercultural Communication Background = 28
• This Chapter in Perspective = 29
• Exercises = 29
• Part 2 Perceiving Cultural and Social Diversity = 31
• 3 Elements of Cultural Systems = 32
• Objectives = 32
• What Is Culture and Its Influence on Communication? = 34
• How Do We Learn Culture? = 34
• How Does Culture Primarily Influence People? = 34
• Does Culture Imply Total Commonality Among a Group of People? = 36
• Elements of Culture = 36
• Cultural History = 38
• Cultural Identity = 39
• Cultural World View, Beliefs, Values, and Ways of Processing Information and Thought = 40
• Cultural Technology = 40
• Cultural Roles = 42
• Artistic Expression = 43
• Cultural Language and Interaction = 44
• Cultural Changeability = 45
• Ethnocentrism = 46
• Nonverbal Behavior = 46
• Recognition and Reward = 47
• Cultural Rules and Procedures = 48
• Cultural Rituals = 49
• Institutional Subsystems in Culture = 49
• Economic Subsystems = 49
• Family Subsystems = 49
• Political Subsystems = 51
• Subsystems of Social Control = 51
• Health Management Subsystems = 52
• Educational Subsystems = 53
• Religious Subsystems = 53
• Theories of Culture Shift = 53
• Cultural Borrowing = 54
• Cultural Crisis = 54
• Cultural Ecological Theory = 55
• Dominant Theme Analysis = 55
• Functionalism = 57
• Developing Intercultural Skills in Understanding Culture = 57
• This Chapter in Perspective = 59
• Exercises = 59
• 4 Microcultures of Heritage and Group Attitudes = 60
• Objectives = 60
• The Communication Milieu Associated with Perception and Heritage Cultures = 61
• The Process of In-group／Out-group Communication = 62
• Social Categorization = 62
• Self-and Role-Schemata = 64
• Communication Accommodation = 64
• Factors Altering the Social Categorization Model = 65
• In-group and Out-group Communication Applied to Heritage Culture Communication = 65
• Suspicion = 65
• Stereotypes = 66
• Solidarity = 67
• Separation = 68
• Attitudes As Barriers to Effective Interethnic and Interracial Communication = 69
• Ethnocentrism = 69
• Stereotypes = 69
• Racism and Prejudice = 71
• Enhancing Interethnic and Interracial Relationships = 71
• Intercultural Marriages = 72
• The Romeo and Juliet Effect = 72
• Intercultural Marriage and Satisfaction = 73
• Intercultural Marriage and Attribution = 75
• Intercultural Marriage and Communication = 75
• Developing Intercultural Skills Relating to Heritage Cultures = 76
• This Chapter in Perspective = 77
• Exercises = 77
• 5 Microcultures of Social Identification and Group Relations = 78
• Objectives = 78
• Functions of Microcultures Involving Social Identity = 79
• Reference Group Communication = 79
• Role and Function of Reference Groups = 79
• Regional Cultures and Communication = 82
• Rural Cultures and Communication = 83
• Urban Cultures and Communication = 85
• Class Cultures and Communication = 85
• Poverty Cultures and Communication = 86
• Perceived Limited Good = 86
• Familism = 86
• Fatalism = 87
• Lack of Innovativeness = 87
• Limited Aspirations and Achievement Motivation = 87
• Lack of Deferred Gratification: Spend Now or Later = 87
• Low Empathy = 88
• Victimization = 88
• Countercultural Communication = 88
• Common Code = 88
• Common Enemy = 88
• Common Symbols = 88
• Organizational Culture = 88
• Organizational Culture as a System = 90
• Influence of Organizational Cultures = 90
• Developing Intercultural Communication Skills with Microcultures of Social Identification = 93
• This Chapter in Perspective = 94
• Exercises = 94
• 6 Underlying Dimensions of Culture = 95
• Objectives = 95
• Cultural Differences in Information Processing = 96
• Monochronic Time Orientation = 96
• Polychronic Time Orientation = 97
• High-and Low-Context Cultures = 99
• Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions = 102
• Individualism-Collectivism = 102
• Masculine-Feminine Cultures = 103
• Power-Distance = 104
• Uncertainty Avoidance = 104
• Cultural World View = 105
• Elements of Cultural World View = 106
• Mechanisms of Cultural World View = 111
• Personal Communication and World View = 112
• Values and Intercultural Communication = 116
• Relationship with Family = 116
• Relationship with Others = 118
• Relationship with Society = 120
• Relationship with Self = 122
• Relationship with Natural Resources = 122
• Developing Skills in Dealing with Cognitive Cultures and Intercultural Communication = 126
• This Chapter in Perspective = 127
• Exercises = 127
• Part 3 Understanding Intercultural Information = 129
• 7 Cultures of Linguistic Diversity = 130
• Objectives = 130
• The Interface of Language and Culture = 131
• Whorf Hypothesis = 132
• Bernstein Hypothesis = 134
• Ethnolinguistic Variation = 136
• Inherent Value of Linguistic Features Theory = 137
• Linguistic Norms Theory = 138
• Attributions toward Ethnolinguistic Variation = 140
• Ethnolinguisitcs and Social Class = 140
• Ethnolinguistics and Impression Formation = 142
• Ethnolinguistics and Perception of Children = 143
• Ethnolinguistics and Employability = 145
• Ethnolinguistic Variation and Intergroup Communication = 145
• Ethnolinguistic Identity = 146
• Ethnolinguistic Vitality = 146
• Communication Accommodation = 147
• Relating to Ethnolinguistic Differences = 148
• Developing Skills in Language and Culture = 149
• This Chapter in Perspective = 150
• Exercises = 151
• 8 Intercultural Communication and Nonverbal Messages = 152
• Objectives = 152
• Overview to Nonverbal Intercultural Communication = 153
• Significance of Nonverbal Communication = 153
• Definition and Functions of Nonverbal Communication = 154
• Nonverbal Behavior as Cultural Rules = 155
• Kinesics: Our Body Language = 155
• Gestures = 158
• Posture = 159
• Body Movement for Beginning and Ending Conversation = 160
• Oculesics = 160
• Greetings = 161
• Facial Expression = 162
• Proxemics = 163
• Fixed Features of Space = 163
• Semifixed Features of Space = 165
• Personal Space = 166
• Chronemics: Our Use of Time = 169
• Sensorics: Sensory Perception in Intercultural Communication = 170
• Haptics: Our Use of Touch = 171
• Factors Related to Haptics = 171
• Intercultural Differences in Haptics = 171
• Paralinguistics: How We Say Things = 173
• Meaning of Nonverbal Communication = 174
• Developing Intercultural Skills in Nonverbal Communication = 175
• This Chapter in Perspective = 175
• Exercises = 176
• 9 Cultures of Networking and Information Flow = 177
• Objectives = 177
• Communicator Similarity: Homophily = 178
• Appearance Homophily = 178
• Background Homophily = 179
• Attitude Homophily = 179
• Value Homophily = 179
• Personality Homophily = 180
• The Homophily Principle and Intercultural Communication = 181
• Measuring Homophily = 185
• Intercultural Credibility and Networking Cultures = 185
• Authority = 187
• Trust = 188
• Coorientation = 190
• Charisma = 191
• Dynamism = 194
• Effects of Credibility on Culture = 195
• Climate for Persuasion = 195
• Symbol of a Culture = 195
• Create Attraction toward a Networking Culture = 195
• Opinion Leadership and Networking Cultures = 195
• Opinion Leadership as Information Role = 196
• Communication Qualities of Opinion Leaders = 198
• Measuring Opinion Leadership = 200
• Networking Cultures = 202
• Developing Intercultural Skills Concerning Network Cultures = 205
• This Chapter in Perspective = 207
• Exercises = 207
• Part 4 Cultural Adaptation and Communication Accommodation: Applying Intercultural Competencies = 209
• 10 Adapting to Culture = 210
• Objectives = 210
• The Early Adaptation Experience = 213
• Eager Expectation Stage = 213
• Everything Is Beautiful Stage = 213
• Everything Is Awful Stage = 214
• Everything Is OK Stage = 215
• Long-Term Adaptation = 216
• Assumptions behind Cultural Adaptation = 217
• Communication Factors Influencing Long-Term Adaptation = 218
• Intercultural Reentry = 222
• Developing Skills in Intercultural Communication and Cultural Adaptation = 224
• This Chapter in Perspective = 225
• Exercises = 226
• 11 Intercultural Competencies and Effectiveness = 227
• Objectives = 227
• What Is Intercultural Communication Effectiveness? = 228
• Competence in Cognitive Style and Social Variables Influencing Intercultural Effectiveness = 232
• Insistence on Task Behavior = 232
• Self-Centered Behavior = 232
• Ethnocentrism = 232
• Tolerance for Ambiguity and Flexibility = 232
• Empathy = 232
• Openness = 233
• Cognitive Complexity = 233
• Interpersonal Comfort = 233
• Personal Control in Communication World View = 233
• Innovativeness = 233
• Self-Esteem／Confidence = 234
• Communication Apprehension／Assertiveness = 234
• Conversation Management = 234
• Family Communication = 234
• Friendliness／Outgoingness／Trust in People = 235
• Rhetorical Competence／Perception = 235
• Acculturation Motivation = 235
• Similarity-Difference and Familiarity with Culture = 235
• Rigidity of New Culture = 235
• Amount of Intercultural Training = 235
• Selection for Intercultural Assignments = 235
• Developing Skills in Building Intercultural Relationships = 239
• This Chapter in Perspective = 239
• Exercises = 240
• 12 Intercultural Communication and Conflict = 241
• Objectives = 241
• Potential Sources of Intercultural Conflict = 243
• Self-Disclosure Relationships = 243
• Hierarchy Relationships = 244
• Formality in Relationships = 245
• Interpersonal Work Relationships = 245
• Need for Acceptance and Empathy = 247
• Communication Coping Style = 247
• Conflict Because of Imbalance and Disagreement in Communication = 248
• Conflict in Leadership Approach = 250
• Conflict within Intercultural Organizational Culture = 251
• Managing Conflict = 256
• Relational Empathy = 256
• Skills in Developing Effective Empathy and Listening = 257
• Intercultural Assertiveness = 259
• Advantages of Assertiveness = 259
• How Can One Achieve Effective Assertiveness Skills? = 260
• This Chapter in Perspective = 261
• Exercises = 261
• 13 Intercultural Communication and Mass Media as Cultural Influence = 262
• Objectives = 262
• Mass Media and National Development = 263
• Mass Media Effects on Culture = 264
• Mass Media and Persuasion = 264
• Mass Media as a Shaper of Cultural Thought and Logic = 266
• Unintentional Effects of Mass Media = 267
• Mass Media and Social Learning = 269
• Mass Media Uses and Gratification Theory = 270
• Mass Media and Ethnic Identification = 271
• Mass Media and Trends in International Communication = 271
• Developing Skills in Understanding Media as Culture = 272
• This Chapter in Perspective = 272
• Exercises = 273
• 14 Intercultural Communication, Innovation, and Change = 274
• Objectives = 274
• How Diffusion Studies Emerged = 275
• Components of Diffusion = 276
• The Innovation as a Cultural Message = 276
• Individual Choices about Innovations = 277
• Characteristics of Individuals Choosing Innovations = 278
• Factors Associated with Individual Innovativeness = 281
• Organizational and Group Innovation and Change = 282
• Discovering the Need for Change = 282
• Factors Associated with Organizational and Group Innovativeness = 283
• Strategies for Innovation and Change = 283
• Developing Skills in Intercultural Communication, Innovation, and Change = 285
• This Chapter in Perspective = 288
• Exercises = 289
• Appendix: Self-Report Assessment Applied to Intercultural Communication = 291
• Resources = 301
• Name Index = 327
• Subject Index = 331