This study aimed to establish that the aesthetics of self-creation of women writers, who have clearly expressed their artistic self-awareness in relation to feminist views, can be explained within the framework of “feminist modernism” by focusing ...
This study aimed to establish that the aesthetics of self-creation of women writers, who have clearly expressed their artistic self-awareness in relation to feminist views, can be explained within the framework of “feminist modernism” by focusing on Seo Yeong-eun, Kim Chae-won, and Kang Seuk-kyong. To this end, this study pointed out how women writers guided their creative activities through an aesthetics of representation, which was intricately built on their ownership of substantial intellectual and cultural capital amid the changes in the public sphere brought about by discourse on women’s liberation in the 1970s. The feminist modernism proposed in this study is not a variation of traditional male-centered modernism, but a perspective for understanding the feminist practices embedded in the aesthetic resistance of women writers who challenged and questioned it.
To conceptualize feminist modernism in Korean literature during the 1970s and 1980s and classify it by author, this study attempted to capture how gender categories function as universal aesthetic principles of modernism intersected with the unique traits of the Korean literary field. Three main aspects were identified as ways feminist modernism manifested: the portrayal of female voices through narrative genders and techniques, the potential of female dandyism as a means for female artists to express self-awareness, and aesthetic self-reflectivity achieved through meta discourse on writing and art within metafiction. By examining these aspects, this study revealed that a “non-housewife identity,” which conflicts with the identity of a traditional housewife, is realized as a form of authorial consciousness resisting patriarchal society. Therefore, in this context, feminist modernism in this study can be understood as a perspective that views women writers as female artists embodying both dandyism and non-housewife identities.
Previous studies on women’s literature in the 1970s and 1980s have generally divided it into the hysterical writings of middle-class housewives in conflict with patriarchy and the work of proletariat female factory workers who gained prominence in the public sphere as subalterns. Such discussions rarely challenged the category of middle-class housewives itself. In this context, writers such as Seo Yeong-eun, Kim Chae-won, and Kang Seuk-kyong were quickly classified as highly educated middle-class elite women writers and judged based on their potential to overcome class limitations and become part of women’s liberation literature. This study differed from previous research in that it dissected and reconstructed the three writers’ positions as middle-class women, refrained from linking women’s literature to the logic of social class, and did not place literature as a movement at the center of the discussion. Instead, it aimed to identify the essence of the aesthetics that reflect feminist perspectives.
Chapter 2 explored how Seo Yeong-eun, influenced by her reading experience, which was closely associated with existentialism, a dominant discourse in the post-war Korean literary field, developed an aesthetics of self-creation as an imitation and appropriation of masculinity by adopting the perspective of the male gender and “writing in a male voice.” By comparing the gendered characteristics of Seo’s novels featuring a male narrator with those featuring a female narrator, this study found that these works reveal a perception of female subordination, as the female voice is hidden within the narrative structure that deals with the existential awakening of a male character who possesses the privilege of internality. Seo’s artist novels problematize the double bind female artists face by juxtaposing the shattering of the novelist’s illusion of omnipotence with their own attempts to rewrite the sexual contract to usurp the patriarch’s position. In these works, becoming an artist translates to being a single individual, and the wandering artistic spirit leads to conflicts with the world that cannot be communicated in any language, thus embodying the contradictions of self-mythologization.
In chapter 3, this study discussed how Kim Chae-won created her own realm of female dandyism that breaks from gender norms through artistic sublimation, by analyzing Kim’s writing reflecting her urban sensibilities in relation to the motif of the flâneuse and the writer’s experience studying abroad. In Kim’s works, the female artist who heads to a foreign city is depicted as being bound by the order of the Cold War system and unable to embody a cosmopolitan sensibility, and she becomes aware of her own positionality in the Cold War system, where her gender cannot serve as an alibi. The flâneuse, as an aesthetic subject grounded in a self-transformational aesthetics that reverses the distinction between beauty and ugliness, advocates for the ethics of listening to unheard female voices, blocked by the male-dominated public world. The female dandy’s “non-housewife identity,” once hidden within homes, is reenacted through fantasies of refusing to reproduce, and these fantasies prevent women’s emotions and desires from being directly expressed in the narratives. The desire to break away from the order of family history and pursue romance with a man gains an artistic expression when it is transposed into the form of a novel about writing a novel featuring a self-aware narrator.
Chapter 4 examined the points at which the formal experimentation of female narrative with well-structured compositions in Kang Seuk-kyong’s literature was linked to discourse on women’s literature via Alternative Culture in the 1980s. The female dandyism, as the internal principle running through Kang’s literature, embodies the impossibility of linguistically capturing the pain of gender oppression, displaying female dandy’s self-destructive tendencies through fragmented language. The imagination of female solidarity, which challenges this inability to represent pain, can be explained by the concept of a lesbian continuum. Contrary to the dandy in previous discussions who establishes an aesthetics of self-creation while immersing himself in his own solitary world, the female dandies in Kang’s works aim for a community of sisters aspiring to art. Kang’s works are featured with a female narrator who interprets sisters’ texts for her readers, along with the structure of mise en abyme in which a text exists within a text. These metafiction devices gain gender political significance by making visible through the sisterhood aesthetic forms of women’s pursuit of autonomous agency within a patriarchal civil society. This study discussed Kang presented singlehood and sisterhood as alternative modes of female subjectivity to replace the housewife identity, and envisioned the female solidarity formed through shared taste in culture and art.
This study provided a theoretical framework for understanding the aesthetic narrative of how female artists expressed themselves and defined their identities within Korean literature. Their literary activities can be considered as a declaration of women as artists, who emphatically pointed out that literature should not be monopolized by male artists, and strived to reclaim the right to representation. Through the framework of the feminist modernism, this study revealed the aesthetic experimentation of the three writers unfolded as follows: they stirred internal upheavals by infiltrating and mimicking the male-dominated literary language (Seo Yeong-eun), challenged the impossibility of representation by breaking through the moments of linguistic failures through fantasy (Kim Chae-won), and delved into the potential of art while proposing new community’s aesthetics and ethics for women (Kang Seuk-kyong). In conclusion, the literary practices of female modernists in the 1970s and 1980s were artistic endeavors by the avant-garde at a turning point in women’s literature, even before the discourse of women’s literature was fully established.