Emissions trading schemes under international economic law

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• 1 Introduction = 1
• Ⅰ CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS
• 2 Applying International Economic Law to Emissions Trading Schemes : Treaty Interpretation and the Paris Agreement = 9
• A. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties and Regime Interaction = 10
• B. Overview of the International Climate Regime = 12
• C. Ordinary Meaning = 19
• D. Context = 22
• E. Object and Purpose = 24
• F. Summary : Treaty Interpretation = 25
• 3 Carbon Units and Emissions Trading Schemes = 27
• A. Policy Origins of Carbon Units and Emissions Trading Schemes = 27
• B. The Creation and Categories of Carbon Units : Allowance Units and Offset Units = 31
• C. Market for Trade and Investment in Carbon Units = 34
• D. Legal Classification under Municipal Law = 38
• E. Voluntary Market = 41
• Ⅱ CHARACTERIZATION OF CARBON UNITS
• 4 International Trade in Carbon Units under GATT 1994 and Free Trade Agreements = 45
• A. Ordinary Meaning of `Goods' and `Products' = 47
• B. Context = 53
• C. Object and Purpose = 55
• D. Relevant WTO Jurisprudence = 56
• E. Summary : Delimiting `Products' and `Goods' under GATT 1994 = 60
• F. Application to Carbon Units = 61
• G. Position under Free Trade Agreements = 64
• H. Conclusion : Carbon Units as `Goods' or `Products' under GATT 1994 and Free Trade Agreements = 65
• 5 International Trade in Carbon Units under GATS and Free Trade Agreements = 67
• A. `Measures' = 69
• B. `Trade in Services' = 70
• C. `Affecting' = 83
• D. Summary : Measures Affecting Trade in Services under GATS = 83
• E. Position under Free Trade Agreements = 84
• 6 International Trade in Carbon Units and Financial Services = 86
• A. Derivative Products = 88
• B. Transferable Securities = 89
• C. Negotiable Instruments = 90
• D. Financial Assets = 91
• E. Any Service of a Financial Nature = 94
• F. Summary = 95
• G. Position under Free Trade Agreements = 96
• 7 Carbon Units as `Investments' under International Investment Agreements = 98
• A. Overview of the Definition of `Investment' under International Investment Law = 99
• B. Carbon Units as `Property' = 102
• C. Carbon Units as an Administrative Right = 112
• D. Carbon Units as `Any Kind of Asset' = 114
• E. Carbon Units as Investments : Economic Criteria = 116
• F. Conclusion = 119
• Ⅲ CONSISTENCY OF EMISSIONS TRADING SCHEMES
• 8 A Taxonomy of Prima Facie Violations of International Economic Law = 123
• A. Non-discrimination = 124
• B. Market Access = 148
• C. Investment = 154
• 9 Exceptions = 162
• A. Overview of the Justifications for Prima Facie Violations = 163
• B. Exceptions under Article XX of GATT 1994 and Article XIV of GATS = 164
• C. Other Exceptions in International Economic Law = 176
• D. Conclusion = 179
• 10 Conclusion = 181
• Bibliography = 185
• Index = 195