Psychology : the frontiers of behavior

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• To THE INSTRUCTOR = xv
• TO THE STUDENT = xviii
• SECTION ONE PSYCHOLOGY: ITS PERSPECTIVES AND METHODS = 1
• CHAPTER ONE PSYCHOLOGY IN PERSPECTIVE = 3
• THE SCOPE OF PSYCHOLOGY = 4
• Four basic goals of psychology (and you) = 9
• FIVE PERSPECTIVES ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR = 9
• The importance of perspectives = 10
• The biological perspective: Body, mind, and behavior = 11
• Historical deveopment of the biological perspective = 11
• The psychodynamic perspective: The forces within = 14
• Historical development of the psychodynamic perspectvc = 14
• The cognitive perspective: The thinking human = 16
• Historical development of the cogntve perspectve = 16
• The behavioral perspective: Humans as reactors = 18
• Historical development of the behavioral perspectvc = 18
• The humanistic-existential perspective: Choice, responsibility, andself-actualization = 20
• Historical development of the humanstic exstenta perspective = 20
• APPLYING THE PERSPECTIVES: UNDERSTANDING HUMAN AGGRESSION = 21
• Biological factors in aggression = 22
• Evolutionary and genetic viewpoints = 22
• The brain and aggress on = 23
• Hormones temperament and physcal appearance = 23
• Psychodynamic factors in aggression = 24
• Cognitive processes in aggression = 26
• The behavioral perspective on aggression = 27
• Stimulus control and response consequences = 27
• Observation of aggressive models = 28
• The humanistic-existential perspective on aggression = 29
• FRONTIER 1.1 EMERGING SPECIALTY AREAS: HEALTH, FORENSIC, AND SPORT PSYCHOLOGY = 7
• Study outline = 29
• Key terms and concepts = 31
• Suggested readings = 31
• CHAPTER TWO SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES AND METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY = 32
• SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES IN PSYCHOLOGY = 35
• Approaches to understanding behavior = 36
• After the-fact understanding = 36
• Understand ng through predcton and control = 37
• Constructs and operational definitions = 37
• SCIENTIFIC METHODS: GATHERING INFORMATION ABOUT BEHAVIOR = 39
• Case studies = 40
• The observational approach = 40
• Uncontrolled observation Sanity in insane places = 40
• Controlled observation Blind obedience to authority = 42
• The correlational approach: Finding relationships = 44
• Boxng matches and homicides = 44
• Correlation and prediction = 45
• The experimental approach: Control and manipulation of variables = 46
• Independent and dependent variables = 46
• Experimenta and control groups = 46
• Man pulating one independent variable: Obed ence revisited = 47
• Manipulating two independent variables: The think-drink effect = 49
• Sing e-subject experiments: Attention and asthma = 50
• Threats to the valid ty of experiments = 52
• ETHICS IN HUMAN AND ANIMAL RESEARCH = 54
• STATISTICS: ANALYZING AND INTERPRETING DATA = 55
• Descriptive statistics: Organizing and summarizing results = 56
• The correlation coefficient = 57
• Inferential statistics: Drawing conclusions about data = 58
• FRONTIER 2.1 PSYCHOLOGY AND THE COMPUTER REVOLUTION = 60
• Study outline = 62
• Key terms and concepts = 63
• Suggested readlings = 63
• SECTION TWO BRAIN, CONSCIOUSNESS, AND PERCEPTION = 65
• CHAPTER THREE BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF BEHAVIOR = 67
• GENETIC INFLUENCES ON BEHAVIOR = 68
• Human heredity = 69
• Sex determination = 70
• Dominant and recessive genes = 70
• Chromosome variations and mutatons = 71
• Behavior genetics = 73
• Reaction ranges and heritability = 73
• Research methods in behavor genetics = 75
• THE NEURAL BASES OF BEHAVIOR = 77
• The neuron = 77
• Neme impulses = 78
• Synaptictransmission = 80
• Neurotransmitters = 81
• The language of neural communication = 82
• THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM = 83
• The spinal cord = 84
• The brain: Seat of consciousness and behavior = 84
• The hindbrain = 85
• The medulla and pons: Seat of vital functions = 85
• The reticular formation: Sentry of the brain = 86
• The cerebellum: Motor coordnation center = 87
• The midbrain = 87
• The forebrain = 87
• The thalamus: The brain's switchboard = 87
• The hypothalamus Motivation and emotion = 88
• The limbic system: Learning and organization of behavior = 88
• The cerebral hem spheres: Crown of the brain = 88
• The motor cortex = 89
• The sensory cortex = 90
• Association cortex = 91
• The frontal lobes: The human difference = 91
• Hemispheric localzation: The left and right brains = 92
• Brain damage and recovery of function = 96
• Types of njury = 96
• Neural plasticty = 97
• THE AUTONOMIC AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS = 98
• The autonomic nervous system = 98
• Sympathetic nervous system = 103
• Parasympathetic nervous system = 103
• The endocrine system = 104
• FRONTIER 3.1 GENETIC ENGINEERING: THE EDGE OF CREATION = 72
• FRONTIER 3.2 UNLOCKING THE SECRETS OF THE BRAIN = 100
• Study outline = 105
• Key terms and concepts = 107
• Suggested readings = 108
• CHAPTER FOUR STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS = 109
• SLEEPING AND DREAMING = 112
• Our biological clocks = 113
• Stages of sleep = 114
• The nature and functions of dreams = 115
• theory = 116
• Dreams and memory consoldation = 117
• Dreaming as homeostasis = 117
• MEDITATION = 120
• Meditation and stress = 120
• HYPNOSIS = 121
• Animal magnetism, mesmerism, and hypnosis = 121
• The scientific study of hypnosis = 122
• Hypnotic behaviors and experiences = 123
• Perceptual distortions = 124
• Physiological effects = 125
• Increased pain tolerance = 125
• Theories of hypnosis = 126
• Roe playing = 127
• Imaginaton = 127
• Cerebral hemisphere shifts = 128
• Dissociation = 128
• DRUGS AND CONSCIOUSNESS = 130
• Mechanisms of drug action = 130
• Depressants = 131
• Alcoho = 131
• Barbturates and tranquilizers = 132
• Stimulants = 133
• Amphetamines = 133
• Cocaine = 134
• Narcotics = 134
• Hallucinogens = 135
• LSD = 136
• PCP = 137
• Cannabis = 137
• FRONTER 4.1 SLEEP DISORDERS = 118
• FRONTIER 4. 2 LIMITS OF CONSCIOUSNESS = 140
• Study outline = 141
• Key terms and concepts = 143
• Suggested readings = 144
• CHAPTER FIVE SENSATION AND PERCEPTION = 145
• THE SENSORY SYSTEMS = 147
• Vision = 147
• The human eye = 147
• The rods and cones = 148
• Brightness vision = 150
• Dark adaptation = 150
• Color vision = 151
• Visual defects: Limits on sensation = 154
• Audition = 156
• The human ear = 158
• Coding of auditory information = 159
• The chemical senses = 159
• The skin and body senses = 162
• The skin senses = 162
• The body senses = 162
• Psychophysics: The study of sensory capabilities = 163
• Stimulus detection The absoute threshed = 163
• Subimina stmuli = 164
• The difference threshold = 165
• PERCEPTUAL PROCESSES = 165
• Attention: Selecting which information gets in = 166
• Attentonal shfts = 167
• Motivational and psychodynamc factors = 167
• Patterning and organization in perception = 167
• Cortcal columns and blobs = 168
• Gestalt principles of perceptual organization = 170
• Perceptual hypotheses and expectancies = 171
• Ilusions: Fase perceptual hypotheses = 172
• Depth and distance perception = 176
• Monocuar cues = 176
• Binocular cues: Stereopsis = 178
• Auditory localization = 179
• PERCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT = 179
• The role of experience in perceptual development = 180
• Visual deprivation studies = 180
• Manipulating the visua environment = 182
• Clinical studies of restored vsion = 183
• FRONTIER 5.1 ODORS AND SEXUALITY IN HUMANS = 161
• FRONTER 5.2 PAIN PERCEPTION AND CONTROL = 183
• Study outline = 189
• Key terms and concepts = 191
• Suggested readings = 191
• SECTION THREE LEARNING, COGNITIVE PROCESSEST AND INTELLIGENCE = 193
• CHAPTER SIX LEARNING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS = 195
• WHAT IS LEARNING? 197
• CLASSICAL CONDITIONING: LEARNING THROUGH ASSOCIATION = 197
• Acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery = 198
• Generalization and discrimination = 200
• Some applications of classical conditioning principles = 202
• Classica conditioning and physcal disorders = 202
• Classical conditonng and attitude formation = 202
• OPERANT CONDITIONING: LEARNING THROUGH CONSEQUENCES = 203
• The study of operant conditioning = 204
• The ABCs of operant conditioning = 205
• Antecedents: St mulus contro of behavor = 205
• Differences between operant and classcal conditioning = 206
• Response consequences and behavior = 206
• Postive reinforcement = 206
• Shaping = 207
• Operant extinction = 208
• Schedules of reinforcement = 209
• Fixed-ratio schedule = 210
• Variable-ratio schedule = 210
• Fixed-interval schedule = 211
• Variable-interval schedule = 212
• Effects of reinforcement schedules on earning and extncton = 212
• Negative reinforcement: Escape and avoidance conditioning = 213
• A two-factor theory of avoidance learning = 214
• Punishment = 215
• Applying aversive stimuli = 216
• Therapeutic use of aversive punishment = 216
• Response cost: Punshment through removal of reinforcers = 217
• Timing of behavioral consequences = 218
• THE COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE ON LEARNING = 219
• Cognition in classical conditioning = 224
• Cognition and operant conditioning = 225
• The power of expectancies: Learned helplessness and learned mastery = 227
• Internal self-evaluations as rewards and punishment = 228
• Observational learning (modeling) = 229
• THE BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE ON LEARNING = 231
• Biological constraints on learning = 231
• The misbehavior of animals = 231
• Peculiarities in avoidance learning = 231
• Conditioned aversions = 232
• The concept of preparedness = 232
• FRONTIER 6.1 BEHAVIORAL SELF-CONTROL: OPERANT PRINCIPLES IN THE SERVICE OF SELF = 220
• FRONTIER 6.2 THE SEARCH FOR THE BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF LEARNING = 234
• Study outine = 235
• Key terms and concepts = 237
• Suggested readings = 238
• CHAPTER SEVIN INFORMATION PROCESSING AND MEMORY = 239
• INFORMATION PROCESSING = 240
• Input = 241
• Visual input = 241
• Auditory input = 242
• Processing, coding, and storage = 242
• Rehearsal = 242
• Selective processing = 243
• Coding and organization = 244
• General organizing principles = 249
• RETRIEVAL FROM MEMORY = 251
• Context and memory = 253
• Memory for complex stimuli = 254
• Reconstructive memory = 255
• Episodic and semantic memory = 256
• Retrieval failure or forgetting = 257
• Interference = 258
• Biological state = 258
• Mood as a retrieval cue = 258
• Are memories ever permanently lost? = 259
• Contributions from surgery = 259
• Psychodynamic observations = 259
• The tip of the tongue Phenomenon = 260
• Dispacement of memories = 260
• CURRENT THEORETICAL VIEWS OF MEMORY PROCESSES = 260
• The duplex theory = 261
• Levels of processing and elaboration = 263
• FRONTIER 7.1 METACOGNITION = 252
• Study outline = 264
• Key terms and concepts = 266
• Suggested readings = 266
• CHAPTER EIGHT LANGUAGE, PROBLEM SOLVING, AND INTELLIGENCE = 267
• LANGUAGE = 268
• The structure of language = 268
• Understanding language = 269
• Language development = 270
• Perspectives on language development = 270
• The sequence of development = 272
• Biological basis of language = 273
• Critical perods, sensitive porous, and language development = 278
• Language and cognition = 279
• Linguistic relativism = 279
• Language and perception = 279
• Language and memory = 280
• PROBLEM SOLVING = 281
• Understanding problem-solving techniques = 281
• Algorithms versus heuristcs = 281
• Common difficulties in problem solving = 283
• INTELLIGENCE = 285
• Sources of intelligence = 285
• The biological perspective = 285
• The behavora[ perspective = 287
• The structure of intelligence = 287
• The factor analytic approach = 287
• The cognitive stages approach = 288
• ntelligence as specific brain functioning = 288
• The processes of intelligent behavior = 288
• Intelligence tests = 290
• Test reiabilty = 290
• Test validity = 290
• Standardizaton = 290
• Individually administered tests = 291
• Group tests of intelligence = 293
• The IQ concept = 294
• Social issues and testing = 296
• Tests for slow learners = 296
• Apttude tests for colege admission = 297
• FRONTIER 8.1 DO ANIMALS USE LANGUAGE? = 275
• FRONTER 8.2 A NEW GENERATION OF INTELLIGENCE TESTS? = 298
• Study outline = 301
• Key terms and concepts = 303
• Suggested readings = 303
• SECTION FOUR AROUSAL AND BEHAVlOR = 305
• CHAPTER NINE EMOTION AND MOTIVATION = 307
• EMOTION = 308
• Eliciting stimuli = 309
• The cognitive component = 310
• The physiological component = 310
• The brain and emotion = 311
• Autonomic and hormonal processes = 312
• The behavioral component = 314
• Expressive behaviors = 315
• Instrumental behavors = 318
• Interactions among components = 320
• Theories of emotion = 320
• Manipulating appraisal to influence arousal = 321
• Manipuating arousal to influence appraisal = 322
• Associative networks invoivng emoton = 323
• MOTIVATION: THE "WHY" OF BEHAVIOR = 324
• Perspectives on motivation = 324
• The biologics perspectve: Drves and their reguation = 326
• The behavoral perspective: Learning and motivaton = 326
• The cognitve perspectve: Expectancy and value = 326
• The psychodynamic perspective: The motivational underworld = 327
• The humanist[c-existential perspective: Deficiency and growth needs = 328
• Homeostatic needs: TO thirst and hunger = 329
• Thirst = 330
• Hunger = 330
• Sensory needs = 332
• Individual differences in sensaton seeking = 336
• Social motivation = 338
• The achievement motive = 338
• The need for power = 340
• Motivational conflict = 341
• FRONTIER 9.1 EATING DISORDERS = 333
• FRONTIER 9.2 MOTIVES GONE AWRY: NEW THEORIES OF ADDICTION = 343
• Study outline = 344
• Key terms and concepts = 346
• Suggested readings = 347
• CHAPTER TEN HUMAN SEXUALITY = 348
• THREE APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF SEXUALITY = 350
• The survey approach = 351
• Problems of sex survey research = 352
• Patterns and changes in sexual behavior = 353
• The observational approach = 354
• The experimental approach = 356
• Stimulus factors in sexuality = 356
• Effects of pornography on behavior = 357
• SEX, CULTURE, AND RELATIONSHIPS = 360
• Cultural influences on sexuality = 360
• Sex, love, and intimacy = 360
• SEXUALITY THROUGH THE LIFE SPAN = 361
• Childhood sexuality = 361
• Development of gender identity = 365
• Transsexuaism: Reversed gender identity = 366
• Sex and aging = 368
• Changes in male sexuality = 369
• Changes in female sexuality = 370
• SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION = 370
• Psychological factors in sexual dysfunction = 371
• Treatment of sexual dysfunction = 373
• ALTERNATIVE MODES OF SEXUALITY = 374
• Homosexuality = 374
• Homosexual Iife styles = 374
• Atypical sexual behaviors = 377
• SEXUAL VICTIMIZATION = 378
• Rape = 378
• Rapists = 380
• Child molestation = 380
• FRONTER 10.1 PASSIONATE LOVE = 362
• Study outline = 381
• Key terms and concepts = 383
• Suggested readings = 383
• SECTION FIVE DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESSES = 385
• CHAPTER ELEVEN LIFE SPAN DEVELOPMENT: THEORIES AND RESEARCH = 387
• THE LIFE SPAN APPROACH = 388
• Factors in life span development = 389
• Basic developmental concepts = 390
• Maturation = 390
• Stages of development = 390
• Research techniques for the study of development = 392
• LONGITUDINAL STUDIES OF DEVELOPMENT = 396
• The Terman Study = 397
• The New York Longitudinal Study = 399
• The Grant Study = 400
• PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON DEVELOPMENT = 402
• Freud's theory of Psychosexual development = 402
• Psychosexual stages = 402
• Evaluation = 404
• Erikson's Psychosocial theory of personality development = 404
• Psxchosocial stages = 405
• Evaluation = 406
• Plaget'S theory of cognitive development = 407
• Stages of cognitive development = 408
• Evaluation = 411
• Kohlberg's theory of moral development = 411
• Stages of moral reasoning = 412
• Evaluation = 412
• K$$\ddot u$$blerRoss's theory of death and dying = 414
• Stges of dying = 414
• Evaluation = 415
• FRONTIER 11.1 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF LIFE SPAN DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY = 391
• Study outline = 415
• Key terms and concepts = 417
• Suggested readings = 417
• CHAPTER TWELVE BIOLOGICAL, COGNITIVE, AND SOCIAL CHANGES IN DEVELOPMENT = 418
• BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT = 420
• Periods of physical change = 420
• infant growth = 420
• Physical development in adolescence = 421
• Body changes in aging = 422
• Motor performance = 423
• Emotional development = 424
• Sensory skills = 426
• Sensory measurement techn ques for infants = 426
• Depth perception = 427
• LEARNING AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT = 429
• Learning in infancy = 429
• Measuring cognitive devefoprnent in infants = 431
• Cognitive changes over the life span = 432
• Age changes in learning techniques = 432
• SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT = 434
• Attachment = 434
• Attachment theories and research = 434
• Laboratory studies of attachment = 436
• Father attachment = 437
• Socialization = 437
• Sex role development = 437
• Perspectives on sex role development = 438
• Plasticity of development = 440
• Expermental work on crtical periods = 441
• Invulnerability = 441
• High-risk children grow up = 442
• FRONTIER 12.1 THE EFFECTS OF DIVORCE ON CHILDREN'S DEVELOPMENT = 443
• Study outline = 446
• Key terms and concepts = 447
• Suggested readings = 447
• SECTION SIX PRESONALITY, ADAPTATION, AND HEALTH = 449
• CHAPTER THIRTEEN PERSONALITY: PERSONS AND SITUATIONS = 451
• WHAT IS PERSONALITY? = 452
• PERSONALITY THEORIES = 454
• Freud's psychoanalytic cheory = 454
• Psychic energy and mental events = 454
• The structure of personality = 456
• The role of defense mechanisms = 457
• Contributions and evaluation = 459
• Other analytic theories = 459
• Adier's ndividual psychoogy = 460
• jung's analytica psychology = 460
• Contributions and evaluaton = 461
• Humanistic and existential theories = 461
• Rogers's self theory = 462
• Contributions and evaluation = 463
• Cognitive-behavioral theories = 464
• Behavioral approaches = 464
• Cognitive approaches = 464
• Theories integratng cognitive and behavoral principles = 465
• Contributions and evaluation = 467
• Biological approaches to personality = 467
• Sheldon: Body type and personality = 467
• Eysenck's biological psychology = 469
• Contrbutions and evaluaton = 470
• Trait theories = 471
• Contributions and evaluation = 471
• An appraisal of personality theories = 472
• Situations, persons, and their interactions = 472
• Situations = 472
• Persons = 473
• Person x situation nteractions = 473
• PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT = 475
• The interview = 476
• Paper and pencil questionnaires = 476
• The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory = 476
• Projective techniques = 477
• Rorschach inkblots = 477
• Thematic Apperception Test = 478
• Behavioral assessment = 478
• Cognitive assessment = 480
• Bodily assessment = 480
• Personality tests and the privacy and validity issues = 481
• FRONTER 13.1 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF PSYCHOANALYTIC CONCEPTS: A PERSON x SITUATION PERSPECTIVE = 473
• Study outline = 481
• Key terms and concepts = 482
• Suggested readings = 482
• CHAPTER FOURTEEN ADJUSTING To LIFE STRESS, COPING, AND HEALTH = 483
• STRESS = 484
• Factors involved in stress = 484
• Situational factors = 484
• Personal factors = 485
• Biological factors = 485
• Stress arousal = 486
• Vulnerability to stress = 488
• COPING WITH STRESS = 488
• Self-control = 490
• Social support = 491
• BREAKDOWNS UNDER STRESS = 493
• Posttraumatic stress reactions = 494
• Burnout = 495
• Quantifying life stress = 495
• HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL MEDICINE = 496
• Physical disorders related to stress = 497
• Psychophysiological dsorders = 497
• Coronary heart disease = 498
• Speeding recovery from illness = 501
• Information and expectations = 501
• Predictability and perceived control = 502
• Social support and cinical progress = 502
• Achieving health = 503
• Exercise and health = 503
• Stamina and health = 504
• FRONTIER 14. IMPROVING THE PREDICTION OF HEART ATTACK = 500
• Study outline = 505
• Key terms and concepts = 506
• Suggested readings = 507
• SECTION SEVEN BEHIA DISORDERS AND TREATMENT = 509
• CHAPTER FIFTEEN BEHAVIOR DISORDERS = 511
• WHAT IS ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR? = 512
• Abnormal behavior from various perspectives = 512
• How is abnormal behavior defined? = 514
• CLASSIFICATION OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR = 515
• The problems of constructing a classification system = 515
• DSM Ⅲ = 515
• PERSONALITY DISORDERS = 517
• Odd or eccentric behavior = 518
• Dramatic or erratic behavior = 518
• Fearful or anxious behavior = 520
• ANXIETY DISORDERS = 520
• Generalized anxiety disorder = 521
• Panic disorder = 521
• Phobia = 521
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder = 523
• Perspectives on anxiety disorders = 524
• The psychodynamic perspective = 524
• The behavoral perspective = 524
• The cognitive perspective = 525
• The biologcal perspectve = 526
• The humanstic existental perspective = 526
• AFFECTIVE DISORDERS = 526
• Depression = 526
• The problem of suicide = 528
• Perspectives on depression = 529
• Biolog cal theories = 529
• Behavioral theories = 530
• The cognitive perspectve = 531
• Psychodynamic theories 533 Humanstic existential theores = 534
• Mania and bipolar disorders = 534
• SCHIZOPHRENIC DISORDERS = 536
• Characteristics of schizophrenia = 536
• Hallucinations and delusions = 537
• Outcome prospects = 538
• Perspectives on schizophrenia = 540
• The biological perspective = 540
• The cognitive perspectvc = 545
• The Psychodynamc perspective = 545
• The behavioral perspective = 546
• The humanistic-exstential perspective = 546
• The interacton of stress and vulnerability = 546
• FRONFIER 15.1 NEW TECHNIQUES COMPLEMENT EARLIER RECORDS = 542
• Study outlne = 547
• Key terms and concepts = 549
• Suggested readngs = 549
• CHAPTER SIXTEEN THERAPEUTIC BEHAVIOR CHANGE = 550
• PSYCHODYNAMIC THERAPIES = 552
• Psychoanalysis = 553
• Other psychodynamic therapies = 554
• HUMANISTIC-EXISTENTIAL THERAPIES = 555
• Client-centered therapy = 555
• Existential therapy = 556
• BEHAVIOR THERAPIES = 556
• Therapies based on operant conditioning = 557
• Therapies based on classical conditioning = 559
• Systematic desensitzation = 559
• Flooding = 559
• Therapies based on social learning theory = 559
• COGNITIVE THERAPIES = 561
• Rational-emotive therapy = 561
• Cognitive therapy for depression = 562
• Self-instructional training = 562
• GROUP THERAPY = 563
• Specialized group approaches = 563
• Transactional analysis = 563
• Gestalt therapy = 563
• Experiential groups = 564
• Family and couples therapy = 565
• BIOLOGICAL THERAPIES = 566
• Drug therapies = 566
• Antanxety drugs = 568
• Antipsychotic drugs = 568
• Antidepressant drugs = 569
• Antimanic drugs = 569
• Electroconvulsive therapy = 569
• EVALUATION OF THERAPIES = 570
• Meta-analysis = 571
• Comparative outcome research = 574
• DISORDERED BEHAVIOR AND PUBLIC POLICY = 575
• Criminal responsibility = 575
• Institutionalization = 576
• Prevention = 577
• FRONTIER 16.1 CAN PSYCHOTHERAPY REDUCE TOTAL HEALTH CARE COSTS? = 571
• Study outline = 578
• Key terms and concepts = 579
• Suggested readings = 579
• SECTION EIGHT SOCIAL BEHAVIOR = 581
• CHAPTER SEVENTEEN SOCIAL BEHAVIOR AND THE NDIVIDUAL = 583
• RESEARCH METHODS IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY = 584
• SOCIAL PERCEPTION = 585
• Attribution = 585
• Rules of attribution = 587
• The effects of attrbuton = 587
• Motivation and attribution = 588
• SOCIAL COGNITION = 588
• Schemata = 589
• ATTRACTION, LIKING, AND LOVE = 590
• What characteristics cause attraction? = 590
• Similarity = 590
• Complementarty = 590
• Famliarty = 592
• Attractiveness = 593
• The development of a relationship = 594
• Reciprocity = 594
• Self dsclosure = 595
• Love = 596
• Theories of interpersonal attraction = 596
• The ending of a relationship = 597
• ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR = 598
• What are attitudes? = 598
• Cognitive complexity and evaluative simplicity = 599
• Stereotyped attitudes and prejudice = 600
• Group competition and conflict = 601
• The outgroup-ngroup categorizaton = 601
• Cognitive mechanisms in the deve opment of prejudice = 602
• Sexism = 603
• How attitudes translate into behavior = 604
• The theory of reasoned action = 604
• Cogntive dissonance = 605
• Self perception theory = 606
• Persuasion and attitude change = 607
• Character stics of the communicator = 607
• One-sided versus two sded arguments = 608
• Persuad ng through fear = 608
• ALTRUISM AND PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR = 609
• The biological perspective = 609
• The psychodynamic perspective = 609
• The learning perspective = 610
• The cognitive perspective = 610
• The person x situation interaction in helping = 611
• The situation = 611
• The person = 613
• FRONTER 71 WHO DONATES BLOOD AND WHY? A STUDY OF PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR = 614
• Study outline = 616
• Key terms and concepts = 617
• Suggested readngs = 618
• CHAPTER FGHTEEN THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT = 619
• SOCIAL NORMS AND ROLES = 621
• Development of norms = 622
• Conformity = 624
• Extreme conformity: Brainwashing and cults = 626
• Deindividuation = 628
• GROUP DYNAMICS = 629
• Group influences on task performance = 630
• Social facltation = 631
• Social loafing: Many hands make I ght the work = 632
• When are groups more productve than indivduals? = 634
• Group decision making = 635
• Group poarization = 635
• Groupthink = 636
• Social power and leadership = 637
• Trait approaches: Born to lead? = 637
• Leadership styles: The contingency mode = 639
• Intergroup conflict and conflict resolution = 640
• Applyng the lesson of Robbers Cave: Cooperative learning = 640
• SOCIAL IMPACT OF THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT = 646
• Crowding = 646
• Calhoun's behavioral sink = 647
• Effects on humans: Density versus crowding = 647
• Noise = 649
• FRONTIER 18.1 GROUP DYNAMICS IN SPORTS = 642
• FRONTIER 18.2 PSYCHOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT = 650
• Study outline = 653
• Key terms and concepts = 654
• Suggested readings = 655
• APPENDIX
• STATISTICAL CONCEPTS AND METHODS = 656
• DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS = 657
• Measures of central tendency = 658
• Types of distributions = 659
• Measures of variability = 660
• Standard scores = 662
• THE NORMAL CURVE = 662
• STATISTICAL METHODS FOR DATA ANALYSIS = 664
• A key concept: Variance accounted for = 664
• Correlational methods = 665
• The correlation coefficient = 665
• Corre ation and prediction = 667
• Factor anaysis = 667
• Inferential statistics and hypothesis testing = 669
• Study outline = 671
• Key terms and concepts = 672
• Suggested readings = 672
• GLOSSARY G-Ⅰ
• BIBLIOGRAPHY B-Ⅰ
• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A-Ⅰ
• NAME INDEX
• SUBJECT INDEX