Talking at cross-purposes : the dynamics of miscommunication

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Chapter 1 : Introduction
• 1. Preamble = 1
• 2. Miscommunication and the study of cross-cultural encounters = 6
• 3. Approaching miscommunication from a pragmatic point of view = 8
• 3.1 The dynamic nature of interaction = 9
• 3.2 The dynamic construction of interpretative context = 11
• 3.3 Misunderstanding roles and goals in interaction = 12
• 4. The data = 15
• 4.1 Natural and simulated discourse in the study of miscommunication = 16
• 4.2 Identifying misunderstandings in natural and simulated discourse = 18
• 4.3 Possible misunderstandings = 21
• 4.4 Analysis of the data = 23
• 5. Outline of the book = 23
• Chapter 2 : Previous work on miscommunication
• 1. Approaches to miscommunication = 27
• 2. 'Sensitivity areas' in (mis)communication = 30
• 3. Terms and definitions in the study of miscommunication = 33
• 3.1 Terms and definitions in the present study = 33
• 3.2 Terms and definitions from the literature on miscommunication = 35
• 4. Defining miscommunication : some aspects of misunderstandings = 43
• Chapter 3 : The creation of miscommunication : Linguistic context
• Introduction = 47
• 1. The origin of misunderstandings
• 1.1 Sources, trouble-source turns and the creation of misunderstandings = 48
• 1.2 Approaches to the origin of misunderstandings = 51
• 2. Sources of misunderstandings and levels of speaker mcaning = 59
• 2.1 Misunderstanding utterance meaning = 62
• 2.2 Misunderstanding force = 67
• 2.3 Misunderstanding both levels of speaker meaning = 70
• 2.4 Ulterior goals in interaction = 72
• 3. Topic management and the process of discourse = 75
• 3.1 Topic shifts = 75
• 3.2 Maintaining topical coherence at the expense of making sense = 76
• 3.3 Introducing a personal topic versus speaking topically = 78
• 4. Misunderstandings and sequencing in conversation = 79
• 5. Successive Misunderstanding in conversation = 82
• 6. Conclusion = 83
• Chapter 4 : The creation of miscommunication : Situational context
• Introduction = 85
• 1. The context of situation = 88
• 1.1 Aspects and components of 'situation' identified by previous work = 89
• 1.2 Orientation of the present study = 93
• 2 Discourse roles and (mis)interpretation in social interaction = 94
• 2.1 Auditor as hearer = 95
• 2.2 Bystander as hearer = 96
• 2.3 Audience as hearer = 98
• 3. Social roles in miscommunication = 99
• 3.1 Categories of social roles = 99
• 3.2 The role of social roles in (mis)interpretation = 103
• 4. Framing situated activities = 105
• 5. Role breaks and the creation of ntisunderstandings = 108
• 5.1 Miscommunication and dormant role enactment = 108
• 5.2 Alignment changes and (mis)communication = 110
• 6. Roles and physical properties = 115
• 7. Misunderstandings and physical setting = 118
• 7.1 Physical environment = 118
• 7.2 Miscommunication and the relevance of physical activities = 121
• 8. Conclusion = 124
• Chapter 5 : The development of miscommunication in situated discou rse
• Introduction = 127
• 1. Reparative steps and structures of situated misunderstandings = 128
• 1.1 Review of the literature on repair = 128
• 1.2 Structures of misunderstandings = 134
• 1.3 Realisation, repair-attempt and repair-outcome indications = 139
• 2. Patterns of reparative steps in situated discourse = 144
• 2.1 Errors, trouble-in-talk and misunderstandings = 144
• 2.2 Courses of development of misunderstandings = 146
• 3. The structuring of MRTs and RAs in situated misunderstandings = 149
• 3.1 Immediate realisation and repair-attempt = 150
• 3.1.1 MRT as check for understanding = 150
• 3.1.2 Teases = 152
• 3.1.3 Other (than speaker)-repair = 153
• 3.2 Delayed realisation = 155
• 3.3 Delayed repair-attempt = 157
• 4. Forms and functions of repair-attempts in miscommunication = 159
• 4.1 Repair-attempt formats in the context of situation = 160
• 4.1.1 Repair-attempts as formulations of TST and MRT = 160
• 4.1.2 Failed repair-attempts = 163
• 4.2 Repair-attempt avoidance = 168
• 5. Non-realised misunderstandings = 172
• 5.1 Accidental prompting = 172
• 5.2 Allow accidental prompting = 174
• 5.3 Realisation for analyst-participant / audience only = 176
• 6. Miscommunication complexes in interaction = 177
• 7. Conclusion = 184
• Chapter 6 : Miscommunication, face-threats and facework in social interaction
• Introduction = 187
• 1. Miscommunication and face considerations in social interaction = 188
• 2. The concepts of face and facework in interaction = 189
• 3. Misunderstanding as a Face-Threatening Situation (FTS) = 192
• 3.1 Realisation and repair-attempt : actual and prospective threat = 193
• 3.2 The threat of miscommunication in situational context = 195
• 4. Speaker facework and repair-attempt strategies = 199
• 4.1 Repair-attempt forms and strategies = 200
• 4.2 Repair strategies in the specific context of interaction = 206
• 4.2.1 Asymmetrical encounters : powerful speaker = 207
• 4.2.2 Asymmetrical encounters : powerful hearer = 209
• 4.2.3 Symmetrical encounters = 211
• 5. Other-repair : priority to face considerations = 214
• 5.1 Other-repair in symmetrical situations = 215
• 5.2 Other-repair in asymmetrical situations = 216
• 6. Hearer's facework strategies = 219
• 6.1 Avoidance of threat in accidental repair = 219
• 6.2 Apologies／attacks expressed in ROIs = 220
• 6.3 Other metacommunicative comments = 221
• 6.3.1 Refer to misunderstanding as a general phenomenon = 221
• 6.3.2 Comments showing consideration-for-other = 223
• 7. Intentional misunderstandings as facework = 223
• 7.1 Teasing as a face-enhancing strategy in interaction = 224
• 7.2 Intentional misunderstandings as hearer's face-saving strategy = 225
• 7.3 Intentional misunderstandings as an attack to the speaker's face = 227
• 8. Conclusion = 230
• Chapter 7 : Conclusion
• 1. Findings, conclusions and implications = 234
• 2. Future research = 237
• 3. Cross-cultural miscommunication and frame shifts in interaction = 239
• Bibliography : Plays and films used as data = 243
• References = 245