중국 동북지역 도시상업은행(城市商業銀行)의 "시장자유화"로의 이행 = The Market Liberalization of City Commercial Banks in Northeastern China

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 논문은 두 가지 목적을 가진다. 하나는 중국 금융기업의 개혁개방정도와 규제완화, 민영화, 시장자유화를 알아보기 위한 시도이다. 다른 하나는 기존에 다루어지지 않은 도시상업은행에 대한 전반적인 소개와 일차자료를 제공함으로써 향후 이 주제에 관한 학문적 토대를 마련하는 것이다. 이러한 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 최근 비약적으로 발전하고 있는 동북3성의 도시상업은행을 사례로 분석하였다. <2013년 세계은행순위 1000>과 <2013년 중국상업은행순위 50>에서 동북3성의 도시상업은행이 각각 10개와 4개가 선정되었다. 이는 소속도시의 지역경제와 고객을 위해서만 경영이 가능했던 지방의 한 도시상업은행이 중국 국내는 물론 전 세계은행들과 경쟁할 수 있을 만큼 비약적인 성장을 한 것이다. 그러나 선행연구에서는 본 현상에 대한 담론형성이 전무하기 때문에 이 문제의식을 가지고 본 연구에 착수하였다. 동북3성의 17개 도시상업은행을 분석한 결과, 제도적·지역발전적·경영적 측면에서 다음과 같은 특징을 도출할 수 있었다. 제도적 측면에서 보면, 동북3성 도시상업은행은 점진적인 민영화와 자율적 권한이 확대되고 있다. 지역발전적 측면에서 보면, 도시상업은행은 도시화, 산업화, 교통 인프라 구축이 잘 형성된 곳일수록 발전하기가 용이하다는 일반적인법칙이 동북3성의 사례에서도 증명된다. 경영적 측면에서 보면, 동북3성도시상업은행은 자산 및 경영관리의 내실화와 금융서비스의 차별화 전략을 통해 자가발전과 경쟁력을 제고시키고 있다. 결론적으로 동북3성의 도시상업은행이 보여주는 중앙-지방정부 역할의 감소, 비국유 중소기업의 증가와 발전, 규제완화, 시장개방, 도시화, 민영화 추세는 중국 금융시스템이 지닌 자유시장경제체제의 특징을 시사한다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This project has two different purposes. One thing is to pioneer the research area on Chinese financial market. More specifically, the one has examined the degree of openness of the financial market such as, restriction of the market, privatization, and marketization. The other is to establish fundamental data base on the research of Chinese city commercial bank for future perspective researches. For this, the one has focused on The 3 Northeast Provinces of China (named Liaoniang, Jilin, Heilongjiang provinces), where city commercial banks has shown remarkable development. These urban based commercial banks has been ranked in 2013 World Bank Ranking 1000 and 2013 Chinese City Commercial Bank Ranking 50 (10 for the WB ranking and 4 for the Chinese City Commercial Bank Ranking). These local-specialized banks has been developed so that they even compete not only with national but also with world-famous banks. Because there has not been formulated any discourse on the research of the Chinese city commercial banks, the one has come to possess a question on this matter. This research has been composed of three different parts; the historical genealogy of bank development, the position of role of the banks, and the internal status of the banks. After conducting comparative analysis of 17 city commercial banks in the 3 Northeast Provinces of China, the one draws conclusions from institutional, environmental, and, management modelling perspectives. From institutional view, city commercial banks of the 3 Northeast Provinces of China are largely based on private investment, not based on public funds opposite from what the law of City Commercial Bank 1995. This shows that the degree of power projection of the central government has been weakened as the flow of private capital is no longer able to be controlled by the public sphere. This means that the privatization of Chinese city commercial banks is controlled by the private capital not by the public area. Furthermore, as 2004 China Banking Regulatory Commission authorized ‘Cross Regional Business(跨區域經營)’ policy, the autonomy and right of the banks has been expanded. Based on this, city commercial banks are capable of possessing the compatibility with world class banks. From environmental perspective, it is more plausible for the banks to develop in urbanized, and industrialized area with well-established transport system. The 3 Northeast Provinces of China are well- exemplarized this general law. The degree of development of banks is well- exhibited in urban area where international trade is active with high level of industrialization, such as a port city or a airport city. From management modelling view, there are five different variables to gauge the effciency and compatibility of the banks; Liquidity Ratio, BIS Capital Adequacy Ratio, ROA(Return On Assets), Doubtful Loan Ratio, Loan-Savings Ratio. As analyzing these five indexes, it is possible to examine the financial safety of the banks. Consequently, Dalian bank, Jilin Bank, Jinzhou Bank are vulnerable to financial crisis. Additionally as Chinese city commercial banks are able to serve the distinguished locally oriented needs, so that they could have brought quite high level of service satisfaction in the local area. As a result, city commercial banks in the 3 Northeast Provinces of China has shown the diminishing role of central and local government, the development of small business firms, deregulation, openness of market, urbanization, indicating the liberal aspect of Chinese financial sector. Moreover, the project has been achieved the statistical analysis of Chinese documentations illustrating the reality of Chinese financial system. The one hope for this research to function as a fundamental basement for future perspective research on Chinese financial system.