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      The art of thinking : a guide to critical and creative thought

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      https://www.riss.kr/link?id=M4941803

      • 저자
      • 발행사항

        New York : HarperCollins College Publishers, c1995

      • 발행연도

        1995

      • 작성언어

        영어

      • 주제어
      • DDC

        153.4/2 판사항(20)

      • ISBN

        0673993256 (pbk.)

      • 자료형태

        일반단행본

      • 발행국(도시)

        New York(State)

      • 서명/저자사항

        The art of thinking : a guide to critical and creative thought / Vincent Ryan Ruggiero.

      • 판사항

        4th ed

      • 형태사항

        xxii, 262 p. : ill. ; 23 cm.

      • 일반주기명

        Includes bibliographical references (p. 245-254) and index.

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      목차 (Table of Contents)

      • CONTENTS
      • To the Instructor = xix
      • 1 Developing Your Thinking: An Overview = 1
      • What Is Thinking? = 2
      • Contemporary Brain Research = 3
      • CONTENTS
      • To the Instructor = xix
      • 1 Developing Your Thinking: An Overview = 1
      • What Is Thinking? = 2
      • Contemporary Brain Research = 3
      • The Production Phase = 3
      • The Judgment Phase = 4
      • Good Thinking Is a Habit = 4
      • Structure of This Book = 5
      • Getting the Most from Your Efforts = 6
      • Consider Time = 7
      • Consider Place = 7
      • Consider Conditions = 7
      • Using Feelings to Advantage = 7
      • Learning to Concentrate = 8
      • Coping with Frustration = 9
      • Writing to Discover Ideas = 10
      • Writing for Others = 12
      • Warm-up Exercises = 12
      • Applications = 13
      • Group Discussion Exercise = 15
      • Composition or Speech Exercise = 15
      • PART 1 Be Aware = 17
      • 2 Establish a Foundation = 18
      • Free Will Versus Determinism = 18
      • What Is Truth? = 19
      • What is Knowing? = 21
      • Ways of Knowing = 23
      • Direct Experience = 23
      • Witnessing Others' Experiences = 24
      • Report = 24
      • The Problem of Remembering = 25
      • What Are Opinions? = 26
      • Expressions of Taste = 26
      • Expressions of Judgment = 27
      • Debating Moral Questions = 27
      • The Basis of Moral Judgment = 29
      • Dealing with Dilemmas = 32
      • Warm-up Exercises = 32
      • Applications = 32
      • Group Discussion Exercise = 35
      • Composition or Speech Exercise = 36
      • 3 Broaden your Perspective = 37
      • Becoming an Individual = 39
      • Habits That Hinder Thinking = 41
      • The Mine-Is-Better Habit = 41
      • Face Saving = 42
      • Resistance to Change = 43
      • Conformity = 45
      • Stereotyping = 46
      • Self-deception = 47
      • Overcoming Bad Habits = 48
      • Warm-up Exercises = 49
      • Applications = 50
      • Group Discussion Exercise = 51
      • Composition or Speech Exercise = 52
      • 4 Sharpen your Analytical Skills = 53
      • Improving Your Reading = 53
      • Making Important Distinctions = 54
      • Distinctions Between the Person and the Idea = 55
      • Distinctions Between Matters of Taste and Matters of Judgment = 55
      • Distinctions Between Fact and Interpretation = 56
      • Distinctions Between Literal and Ironic Statements = 56
      • Distinctions Between an Idea's Validity and the Quality of Its Expression = 57
      • Distinctions Between Language and Reality = 57
      • Evaluating an Argument = 58
      • Step 1: Summarizing = 59
      • Step 2: Evaluating = 60
      • Step 3: Judging = 60
      • A Sample Argument = 62
      • Warm-up Exercises = 63
      • Applications = 63
      • Group Discussion Exercise = 70
      • Composition or Speech Exercise = 71
      • PART 2 Be Creative = 73
      • 5 The Creative Process = 74
      • Key Facts About Creativity = 74
      • Characteristics of Creative People = 76
      • Creative People Are Dynamic = 76
      • Creative People Are Daring = 77
      • Creative People Are Resourceful = 77
      • Creative People Are Hardworking = 78
      • Creative People Are Independent = 78
      • Applying Creativity to Problems and Issues = 79
      • Taking a Novel Approach = 79
      • Devising or Modifying a Process or System = 79
      • Inventing a New Product or Service = 80
      • Finding New Uses for Existing Things = 80
      • Improving Things = 81
      • Inventing or Redefining a Concept = 81
      • Stages in the Creative Process = 82
      • The First Stage: Searching for Challenges = 82
      • The Second Stage: Expressing the Problem or Issue = 82
      • The Third Stage: Investigating the Problem or Issue = 83
      • The Fourth Stage: Producing Ideas = 83
      • Warm-up Exercises = 84
      • Applications = 84
      • Group Discussion Exercise = 85
      • Composition or Speech Exercise = 86
      • 6 Search for Challenges = 87
      • The Importance of Curiosity = 87
      • How Curiosity Is Lost = 89
      • Regaining Your Curiosity = 90
      • Six Helpful Techniques = 90
      • Be Observant = 91
      • Look for Imperfections = 92
      • Note Your Own and Others' Dissatisfactions = 93
      • Search for Causes = 93
      • Be Sensitive to Implications = 94
      • Recognize the Opportunity in Controversy = 95
      • Warm-up Exercises = 96
      • Applications = 96
      • Group Discussion Exercise = 99
      • Composition or Speech Exercise = 99
      • 7 Express the Problem or Issue = 100
      • Distinguishing Problems from Issues = 100
      • Expressing Problems = 101
      • Expressing Issues = 102
      • When Problems Become Issues = 103
      • Guidelines for Expressing Problems and Issues = 104
      • Benefits of Careful Expression = 104
      • It Helps You Move Beyond the Familiar and Habitual = 104
      • It Keeps Your Thinking Flexible = 104
      • It Opens Many Lines of Thought = 105
      • A Sample Problem = 106
      • A Sample Issue = 107
      • Warm-up Exercises = 108
      • Applications = 109
      • Group Discussion Exercise = 110
      • Composition or Speech Exercise = 110
      • 8 Investigate the Problem or Issue = 112
      • Three Sources of Information = 113
      • Yourself = 114
      • People Around You = 115
      • Authorities = 115
      • Maintain a Questioning Perspective = 116
      • Conducting an Interview = 117
      • Using the Library = 118
      • Keeping Creativity Alive = 120
      • Warm-up Exercises = 120
      • Applications = 121
      • Group Discussion Exercise = 124
      • Composition or Speech Exercise = 124
      • 9 Produce Ideas = 125
      • Stimulating Your Imagination = 126
      • Force Uncommon Responses = 126
      • Use Free Association = 127
      • Use Analogy = 127
      • Look for Unusual Combinations = 127
      • Visualize the Solution = 128
      • Construct Pro and Con Arguments = 128
      • Construct Relevant Scenarios = 129
      • Aiming for Originality = 130
      • Withholding Judgment = 131
      • Overcoming Obstacles = 131
      • Thinker's Block = 131
      • Vagueness and Confusion = 132
      • Inflexibility = 133
      • How Insight Occurs = 133
      • A Sample Problem = 134
      • A Sample Issue = 136
      • Warm-up Exercises = 138
      • Applications = 138
      • Group Discussion Exercise = 140
      • Composition or Speech Exercise = 140
      • PART 3 Be Critical = 141
      • 10 The Role of Criticism = 142
      • Why Criticism Is Necessary = 142
      • Focus on Your Ideas = 143
      • Overcoming Obstacles to Critical Thinking = 143
      • Applying Curiosity = 144
      • Avoiding Assumptions = 144
      • Refining Your Solutions to Problems = 145
      • A Sample Problem = 146
      • Refining Your Positions on Issues = 147
      • A Sample Issue = 148
      • Taking Action on the Issue = 148
      • Warm-up Exercises = 149
      • Applications = 150
      • Group Discussion Exercise = 152
      • Composition or Speech Exercise = 152
      • 11 Refine your Solution to the Problem = 153
      • Three Steps in Refining = 153
      • Step 1: Working Out the Details = 154
      • Step 2: Finding Imperfections and Complications = 155
      • Step 3: Making Improvements = 156
      • Two Sample Problems = 157
      • The First Problem = 157
      • The Second Problem = 159
      • Warm-up Exercises = 161
      • Applications = 161
      • Group Discussion Exercise = 162
      • Composition or Speech Exercise = 163
      • 12 Evaluate Your Argument on the Issue = 164
      • Errors Affecting Validity = 164
      • A Special Problem: The Hidden Premise = 166
      • Evaluating Complex Arguments = 168
      • Errors Affecting Truth = 169
      • Either / Or Thinking = 169
      • Avoiding the Issue = 170
      • Overgeneralizing = 170
      • Oversimplifying = 171
      • Double Standard = 172
      • Shifting the Burden of Proof = 172
      • Irrational Appeal = 173
      • Steps in Evaluating an Argument = 173
      • The Case of Parents Versus Broadcasters = 174
      • The Case of the Retarded Girls = 175
      • Warm-up Exercises = 175
      • Applications = 176
      • Group Discussion Exercise = 178
      • Composition or Speech Exercise = 178
      • 13 Refine Your Resolution of the Issue = 180
      • Step 1: Deciding What Action Should Be Taken = 180
      • Step 2: Recognizing and Overcoming Difficulties = 181
      • The Case of the Retarded Girls = 182
      • Should Children Pledge Allegiance? = 182
      • Warm-up Exercises = 184
      • Applications = 184
      • Group Discussion Exercise = 186
      • Composition or Speech Exercise = 186
      • PART 4 Communicate Your Ideas = 187
      • 14 Anticipate Negative Reactions = 188
      • How Common Are Negative Reactions? = 189
      • Why People React Negatively = 190
      • Common Negative Reactions = 191
      • Anticipating Specific Reactions = 191
      • The Brainstorming Technique = 192
      • The Imaginary Dialogue Technique = 192
      • Warm-up Exercises = 194
      • Applications = 194
      • Group Discussion Exercise = 197
      • Composition or Speech Exercise = 197
      • 15 Build a Persuasive Case = 198
      • How Persuasion Is Achieved = 198
      • Using Evidence Effectively = 200
      • Presenting Ideas Skillfully = 200
      • Respect Your Audience = 201
      • Begin with the Familiar = 201
      • Select the Most Appropriate Tone = 201
      • Answer All Significant Objections = 202
      • The Importance of Timing = 202
      • A Sample Situation = 203
      • Warm-up Exercises = 207
      • Applications = 207
      • Group Discussion Exercise = 210
      • Composition or Speech Exercise = 211
      • Appendix A ● A Guide to Composition = 213
      • Four Important Characteristics = 213
      • A Strategy for Composing = 215
      • Prewritmg = 215
      • Planning = 217
      • Drafting = 219
      • Revising = 219
      • Editing = 219
      • Developing a Readable Style = 220
      • A Sample Analytical Paper = 221
      • Appendix B ● A Guide to Formal Speaking, Conversation, and Group Discussion = 224
      • Formal Speaking = 224
      • Types of Speeches = 224
      • Organizing Your Material = 225
      • Sample Outline and Speech = 226
      • Practicing the Delivery = 228
      • Conversation = 229
      • Speaking Well = 230
      • Listening Well = 230
      • Improving Your Listening Skills = 231
      • Group Discussion = 232
      • Appendix C ● The Fundamentals of Logic = 234
      • Three Basic Principles = 234
      • Formal Argument = 235
      • Common Errors in Syllogisms = 235
      • Undistributed Middle = 236
      • Illicit Process = 236
      • Affirming the Consequent = 237
      • Denying the Antecedent = 237
      • Converting a Conditional = 238
      • Negating Antecedent and Consequent = 238
      • Appendix D ● Doing the Warm-up Exercises = 239
      • Seven Helpful Strategies = 239
      • Sample Exercises and Responses = 240
      • Exercise 1 = 241
      • Exercise 2 = 241
      • Appendix E ● Solutions to Sample Problems = 242
      • The Three Glasses Problem = 242
      • The Young Girl / Old Woman Problem = 242
      • The Vase and Faces Problem = 243
      • Notes = 245
      • Index = 255
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