갑상선결절 및 경부 전이 림프절의 초음파 진단 = Ultrasonography Diagnosis of Thyroid Nodules and Cervical Metastatic Lymph Nodes

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Ultrasonography (US) has been a primary tool for assessing malignancy risk, fine-needle aspiration (FNA) decision, and management after FNA in patients with thyroid nodules. US also has an essential role for preoperative evaluation of primary tumor and cervical lymph nodes, for surveillance of postoperative patients with thyroid cancer, and for imaging guidance for nonsurgical ablation therapy. In the revised recommendations of Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology (KSThR), Korean Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (K-TIRADS), a revised risk stratification system of thyroid nodules, was suggested to increase the efficacy of FNA and provide supplementary information for thyroid nodules after FNA. The role of US assessment of cervical lymph node needs to be emphasized for optimal management decision of thyroid nodules, preoperative staging, and postoperative surveillance of patients with thyroid cancers, and CT has a complementary role for the diagnosis of metastatic nodes in patients with thyroid carcinomas.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Seo H, "Ultrasound- based risk stratification for malignancy in thyroid nodules: a four-tier categorization system" 25 (25): 2153-2162, 2015

2 Leboulleux S, "Ultrasound criteria of malignancy for cervical lymph nodes in patients followed up for differentiated thyroid cancer" 92 (92): 3590-3594, 2007

3 문원진, "Ultrasonography and the Ultrasound-Based Management of Thyroid Nodules: Consensus Statement and Recommendations" 대한영상의학회 12 (12): 1-14, 2011

4 Rondeau G, "Ultrasonographically detected small thyroid bed nodules identified after total thyroidectomy for differentiated thyroid cancer seldom show clinically significant structural progression" 21 (21): 845-853, 2011

5 Rosario PW, "Ultrasonographic differentiation between metastatic and benign lymph nodes in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma" 24 (24): 1385-1389, 2005

6 Na DG, "Thyroid imaging reporting and data system risk stratification of thyroid nodules: categorization based on solidity and echogenicity" 2016

7 Kwak JY, "Thyroid imaging reporting and data system for US features of nodules: a step in establishing better stratification of cancer risk" 260 (260): 892-899, 2011

8 Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology, "Thyroid imaging and intervention" Il Cho Kak 2013

9 Randolph GW, "The prognostic significance of nodal metastases from papillary thyroid carcinoma can be stratified based on the size and number of metastatic lymph nodes, as well as the presence of extranodal extension" 22 (22): 1144-1152, 2012

10 Cappelli C, "The predictive value of ultrasound findings in the management of thyroid nodules" 100 (100): 29-35, 2007

11 Robenshtok E, "Suspicious cervical lymph nodes detected after thyroidectomy for papillary thyroid cancer usually remain stable over years in properly selected patients" 97 (97): 2706-2713, 2012

12 Kim DW, "Sonographic differentiation of partially cystic thyroid nodules: a prospective study" 31 (31): 1961-1966, 2010

13 Lecumberri B, "Solitary hemorrhagic cerebellar metastasis from occult papillary thyroid microcarcinoma" 20 (20): 563-567, 2010

14 Buffet C, "Scoring system for predicting recurrences in patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma" 167 (167): 267-275, 2012

15 Papini E, "Risk of malignancy in nonpalpable thyroid nodules: predictive value of ultrasound and color-Doppler features" 87 (87): 1941-1946, 2002

16 Takami H, "Revisiting the guidelines issued by the Japanese Society of Thyroid Surgeons and Japan Association of Endocrine Surgeons: a gradual move towards consensus between Japanese and western practice in the management of thyroid carcinoma" 38 (38): 2002-2010, 2014

17 Yi KH, "Revised Korean Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer" 3 (3): 65-96, 2010

18 Russ G, "Prospective evaluation of thyroid imaging reporting and data system on 4550 nodules with and without elastography" 168 (168): 649-655, 2013

19 Ghossein R, "Prognostic factors in papillary microcarcinoma with emphasis on histologic subtyping: a clinicopathologic study of 148 cases" 24 (24): 245-253, 2014

20 Mercante G, "Prognostic factors affecting neck lymph node recurrence and distant metastasis in papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid: results of a study in 445 patients" 19 (19): 707-716, 2009

21 Ito Y, "Preoperative ultrasonographic examination for lymph node metastasis: usefulness when designing lymph node dissection for papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid" 28 (28): 498-501, 2004

22 Kim E, "Preoperative diagnosis of cervical metastatic lymph nodes in papillary thyroid carcinoma: comparison of ultrasound, computed tomography, and combined ultrasound with computed tomography" 18 (18): 411-418, 2008

23 Ito Y, "Patient age is significantly related to the progression of papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid under observation" 24 (24): 27-34, 2014

24 Lee MJ, "Partially cystic thyroid nodules on ultrasound: probability of malignancy and sonographic differentiation" 19 (19): 341-346, 2009

25 Lesnik D, "Papillary thyroid carcinoma nodal surgery directed by a preoperative radiographic map utilizing CT scan and ultrasound in all primary and reoperative patients" 36 (36): 191-202, 2014

26 Noguchi S, "Papillary microcarcinoma" 32 (32): 747-753, 2008

27 Naterional Comprehensive Cancer Network, "NCCN Clinical practice guidelines in oncology. Thyroid carcinoma. Version 2.2014"

28 Tufano RP, "Management of recurrent/persistent nodal disease in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer: a critical review of the risks and benefits of surgical intervention versus active surveillance" 25 (25): 15-27, 2015

29 Davies RJ, "Isolated submandibular metastasis from a contralateral thyroid papillary microcarcinoma: an unusual case" 38 (38): 546-549, 2009

30 Oda H, "Incidences of unfavorable events in the management of low-risk papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid by active surveillance versus immediate surgery" 26 (26): 150-155, 2016

31 곽진영, "Image Reporting and Characterization System for Ultrasound Features of Thyroid Nodules: Multicentric Korean Retrospective Study" 대한영상의학회 14 (14): 110-117, 2013

32 Perros P, "Guidelines for the management of thyroid cancer" 81 (81): 1-122, 2014

33 Jeon MJ, "Features predictive of distant metastasis in papillary thyroid microcarcinomas" 26 (26): 161-168, 2016

34 Vera MI, "Differential profile of ultrasound findings associated with malignancy in mixed and solid thyroid nodules in an elderly female population" 2014 : 761653-, 2014

35 Henrichsen TL, "Cystic change in thyroid carcinoma: Prevalence and estimated volume in 360 carcinomas" 38 (38): 361-366, 2010

36 Roti E, "Clinical and histological characteristics of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: results of a retrospective study in 243 patients" 91 (91): 2171-2178, 2006

37 Horvath E, "An ultrasonogram reporting system for thyroid nodules stratifying cancer risk for clinical management" 94 (94): 1748-1751, 2009

38 Ito Y, "An observational trial for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma in Japanese patients" 34 (34): 28-35, 2010

39 Park JY, "A proposal for a thyroid imaging reporting and data system for ultrasound features of thyroid carcinoma" 19 (19): 1257-1264, 2009

40 Brito JP, "A clinical framework to facilitate risk stratification when considering an active surveillance alternative to immediate biopsy and surgery in papillary microcarcinoma" 26 (26): 144-149, 2016

41 Haugen BR, "2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer: The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer" 26 (26): 1-133, 2016

42 Leenhardt L, "2013 European thyroid association guidelines for cervical ultrasound scan and ultrasound- guided techniques in the postoperative management of patients with thyroid cancer" 2 (2): 147-159, 2013