고려시대대일교류(高麗時代對日交流)와 부산(釜山) = The Exchange towards Japan in the Koryo dynasty and Busan

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study is to examine the development of relations between Koryo and Japan and the exchange towards Japan in the Koryo dynasty. It may be briefly summed up as follows.
First, relations between Koryo and Japan may be broadly divided into four phases. In the first phase, the period from the 10th century to the early 11th century, Koryo attempted to establish official diplomatic relations with Japan by dispatching envoys in Japan, but failed to advance relations between two countries owing to the Japanese reluctance to open the door to foreign intercourse and fear of the Koryo’s aggression. However in the second phase from the early 11th century to the end of 11th century, the Yozin(女眞) Doi ethnic’s(刀伊族) invasion of Japan renewed relations between two countries. At this time, Koryo and Japan returned castaways to their home country and dispatched envoys to each country as well. Especially, the Japanese traders carried on commercial transactions under the order of Palkwanhoi(八關會) in the Koryo dynasty. Although diplomatic relations between two countries were strained, because the Koryo’s patrol seized ship included in the Japanese crews in Yunpyung island in the end of 11th century, in the third phase also, the Koryo-Japan traders still made contact with each other. In the fourth phase, from the late 13th century to the fall of the Koryo dynasty, two countries had not a normal foreign relation but a invading spoiled relation.
Secondly, as the Koryo’s relation towards Japan took a turn for the better and the exchange with Japan advanced in the early 11th century, the Koryo-Japan trade became active. And trading post where exchanged goods with Japan was KuemJoo(金州). At that time, Koryo had trade relation with Japan in private as well as in public. The business named Jinbong trade(進奉貿易) was an official one. Jinbong trade means that Koryo carried on commercial transactions under the order of Palkwanhoi(八關會) rather than under the order of Jogong(朝貢)․Chaekbong system (冊封體制) in East Asia. Like this, Jinbon trade went into effect partly from about the mid 11th century to the middle 13th century, even in the maelstrom of the struggle against Mongol invasion. On the other side, here were also somewhat of private trade with Japan. At this time, the fact that were castaways and traders returned to their home country proves that they smuggled goods without permission or abnormally.
Thirdly, Kuemjoo(金州) in which located Gaekkwan(客館) was a commercial center in the Koryo trade with Japan. Gaekkwan(客館) in Kuemjoo(金州) was established as the house of the Japanese envoys and traders in the early 11th century, and took exclusive charge of the Koryo-Japan trade, unlike other Gaekkwan(客館) which were established in Seoul. Gaekkwan was managed under the control of Dongnamhaedobuseo(東南海都府署) which took charge of southeast coast, not local official in Kuemjoo(金州). The quarter of Dongnamhaedobuseo had originally located in Kyungjoo in the 22th year of King Taejo(太祖) regime, but was transferred to Kuemjoo owing to conditions at the location of relations between Koryo and Japan in the 32th year of King Moonjong(文宗) regime(1079). It is at present Gurangdong, Noksandong, Gangseogu, Busan metropolitan-city the place where Gaekkwan in Kuemjoo located. In conclusion, I suggest that the present Busan was a base of foreign trade on and from the Koryo dynasty.