Perspectives on radio and television : telecommunication in the United States

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = xvii
• 1 Preview = 1
• 1.1 Changes = 1
• 1.2 Broadcasting = 2
• 1.3 Radio and Television = 2
• 1.4 Format = 3
• Bibliography = 3
• part one HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE = 5
• 2 Origins of Broadcasting = 7
• 2.1 Radio and the Broadcasting Trade = 7
• 2.1a Stage 1 : Radiotelephonic Communication = 8
• 2.1b Stage 2 : Industrial Developments = 12
• 2.1c Stage 3 : Stations = 16
• 2.1d Stage 4 : Audience - Who Invented Broadcasting? = 18
• 2.1e Stage 5 : Advertising - Who Invented Commercial Broadcasting? = 19
• 2.1f Stage 6 : Networks = 22
• 2.1g Stage 7 : Regulation = 26
• 2.1h Radio on the Verge = 28
• 2.2 Television = 29
• Bibliography = 33
• 3 Radio : From 1929 = 35
• 3.1 Growth and Dominance = 35
• 3.1a Audience = 35
• 3.1b Stations = 37
• 3.1c Networks = 40
• 3.1d Programming = 43
• 3.1e Problems = 54
• 3.2 Transition = 57
• 3.2a Specialization = 58
• 3.2b Networks = 59
• 3.2c Scandals = 60
• 3.3 FM Radio = 62
• 3.4 Competition = 64
• 3.4a Stations = 64
• 3.4b Technology = 65
• 3.4c Networks = 66
• 3.4d Other Media = 67
• Bibliography = 67
• 4 Television : From 1941 = 69
• 4.1 Broadcast Television = 69
• 4.1a Freeze =69
• 4.1b Sixth Report and Order = 70
• 4.1c Growth = 71
• 4.1d UHF Television = 73
• 4.1e Color Television = 74
• 4.1f Television Programming = 77
• 4.1g Problems and Scandals = 89
• 4.1h Reform and Activism = 92
• 4.1i The Winds of Change = 94
• 4.2 Deregulation = 95
• 4.3 Cable Television = 96
• 4.3a Cable versus Broadcast Television = 96
• 4.3b Cable Regulation = 96
• 4.3c Slump = 99
• 4.4 Pay Cable = 100
• 4.4a Cable's Growth and Expansion = 100
• 4.4b Cable and Broadcast Television = 102
• 4.5 Rise of Independent Programming = 103
• 4.6 Subscription Television = 104
• 4.7 The New Technologies = 107
• Bibliography = 108
• 5 New Technologies : From 1970 = 110
• 5.1 Multipoint Distribution Service = 110
• 5.2 Satellite Master Antenna Television = 111
• 5.3 VHF Drop-ins and Low-Power Television = 112
• 5.4 Satellite Relay and Distribution = 113
• 5.5 Direct Broadcast Satellite = 115
• 5.6 Electronic Text = 115
• 5.6a Closed Captioning = 116
• 5.6b Teletext = 116
• 5.6c Videotex = 117
• 5.7 Computers and Circuitry = 118
• 5.7a Transistors = 121
• 5.7b ICs, Chips, and Microprocessors = 122
• 5.7c Personal Computers = 122
• 5.7d Data Bases = 123
• 5.7e Video Games = 123
• 5.7f Broadcasting and the Computer = 124
• 5.8 Videocassette Recorders = 125
• 5.9 Videodiscs = 127
• 5.10 Advances In Receivers = 128
• 5.11 Picture Improvements = 130
• 5.12 Multichannel Television Sound = 130
• 5.13 Production Equipment = 130
• 5.14 Nonbroadcast Production = 131
• 5.14a Education = 131
• 5.14b Business and Industry = 132
• 5.15 Common Carrier Developments = 132
• 5.15a Telco-Enhanced Data Services = 132
• 5.15b Fiber Optics = 133
• 5.15c Teleconferencing = 133
• 5.15d Cellular Radio = 134
• Bibliography = 134
• part two CREATIVE／INFORMATIONAL PERSPECTIVE = 137
• 6 Production, Programs and Performance = 139
• 6.1 Audio Production = 139
• 6.1a Use of Audio Tape = 140
• 6.2 Television Production = 145
• 6.2a Electronic Television Production = 146
• 6.2b Film Production = 156
• 6.2c Electronic Production versus Film Production = 161
• 6.2d Electronic Production and Film Production = 162
• 6.3 Programs = 163
• 6.3a Entertainment = 164
• 6.3b Information = 165
• 6.3c Sports = 165
• 6.3d Special Audience = 166
• 6.3e Educational and Religious = 166
• 6.3f Cable Networks = 166
• 6.4 On-The-Air = 167
• 6.5 Talent = 169
• 6.6 Criticism = 170
• Bibliography = 171
• 7 Programming = 172
• 7.1 Radio Programming = 173
• 7.1a Radio Stations = 174
• 7.1b Networks = 178
• 7.2 Television Programming = 178
• 7.2a Broadcast Networks = 179
• 7.2b Stations = 186
• 7.2c Local Origination, Advertiser-Supported National Programming, Pay Services, and Interactive Television = 189
• 7.2d Cable System Programming = 193
• 7.3 Role of Audience Promotion and Publicity = 195
• Bibliography = 196
• 8 News = 198
• 8.1 Nature of News = 198
• 8.1a What Are the Origins of News? = 199
• 8.1b What Are News Outlets Like? =202
• 8.1c What is News? = 204
• 8.1d What is Radio and Television News? = 205
• 8.1e Limitations and Problems of Radio-Television News = 207
• 8.2 Radio News = 211
• 8.3 Television News = 214
• 8.3a Local Television News = 214
• 8.3b Network Television News = 217
• 8.4 Other Forms of News Programming = 219
• Bibliography = 221
• 9 Commercials and Other Persuasive Announcements = 222
• 9.1 Types = 222
• 9.1a Distribution Medium = 222
• 9.1b Placement = 223
• 9.1c Length = 224
• 9.1d Purpose = 226
• 9.1e Advertiser = 227
• 9.1f Payment = 229
• 9.1g Production Medium = 230
• 9.1h Production Mode = 231
• 9.2 Creativity In Announcements = 231
• 9.2a Formats = 231
• 9.2b Appeals = 235
• 9.2c Approaches = 236
• 9.3 Creation and Production = 238
• 9.3a Radio Commercials = 240
• 9.3b Television Commercials = 241
• 9.4 Advertising Council = 241
• 9.5 Criticism = 243
• 9.6 Praise = 246
• Bibliography = 247
• part three PHYSICAL PERSPECTIVE = 249
• 10 Radio Energy = 251
• 10.1 Waves = 251
• 10.1a Attenuation = 253
• 10.1b Velocity = 254
• 10.1c Frequency = 254
• 10.1d Wavelength = 254
• 10.1e Summary= 256
• 10.2 Frequency-Related Characteristics = 256
• 10.2a Electromagnetic Spectrum = 256
• 10.2b Propagation = 256
• 10.2c MF Coverage = 259
• 10.2d VHF, UHF, and SHF Coverage = 261
• Bibliography = 262
• 11 Radio Channels = 263
• 11.1 AM Broadcast Service = 263
• 11.1a Interference and Coverage = 264
• 11.1b Channel and Station Classification = 264
• 11.2 FM Broadcast Service = 269
• 11.2a Interference and Coverage = 269
• 11.2b Channel and Station Classification = 270
• 11.3 Sound and Audio = 272
• 11.3a Sound = 272
• 11.3b Audio = 275
• 11.3c Modulation Process = 276
• 11.4 Transmission and Reception = 280
• 11.5 The AM Channel = 281
• 11.5a Stereophonic AM = 282
• 11.5b New Uses of Carriers = 282
• 11.6 The FM Channel = 283
• 11.6a Stereophonic Sound = 283
• 11.6b FM Multiplex = 283
• 11.6c PM Quadraphonic Sound = 284
• 11.6d SCS = 285
• 11.7 International Broadcast Service = 286
• 11.8 Wired Radio = 287
• Bibliography = 288
• 12 Television Channels = 289
• 12.1 Visual Perception = 289
• 12.1a Light = 289
• 12.1b Color = 290
• 12.1c Persistence Of Vision = 291
• 12.2 Video Signal = 291
• 12.2a The Co1or Camera = 291
• 12.2b The Camera Tube = 291
• 12.2c Scanning Pattern = 293
• 12.2d Signal Processing = 294
• 12.2e Picture Improvement = 294
• 12.3 The Television Channel = 295
• 12.3a Color Subcarrier = 295
• 12.3b Accessory Signals = 296
• 12.3c Audio = 297
• 12.4 Reception = 297
• 12.5 Television Broadcast Service = 299
• 12.5a Transmission Band and Allocations = 299
• 12.5b Transmission and Reception = 300
• 12.6 ITFS, MDS, and DBS = 301
• 12.7 Cable Television = 303
• 12.7a Modulation and Broad Band Media = 303
• 12.7b Headend and Signal Origins = 303
• 12.7c Signal Distribution = 306
• 12.7d Subscriber Hook-ups = 306
• Bibliography = 308
• part four LEGAL／ETHICAL PERSPECTIVE = 309
• 13 Communications Act of 1934 = 311
• 13.1 Origins and Authority = 311
• 13.2 The Law of Radio and Television = 312
• 13.3 Status of Broadcasting under the Law = 313
• 13.4 Dissatisfaction = 315
• 13.5 Amendments = 316
• l3.5a Communications Satellite Act = 316
• l3.5b Other Amendments = 317
• 13.6 Cable Regulation = 318
• Bibliography = 319
• 14 Regulation = 321
• 14.1 Federal Communications Commission = 321
• 14.1a Statutory Requirements and Regulatory Implementation = 323
• 14.1b The Public Interest = 327
• 14.1c Network Regulation = 328
• 14.1d Regulatory Weaknesses = 329
• 14.2 Federal Trade Commission = 330
• 14.2a Organization and Operation = 331
• 14.2b False Advertising = 331
• 14.2c Regulatory Problems = 332
• 14.3 Executive, Legislative, and Judicial Branches = 334
• 14.3a Executive Branch = 335
• 14.3b Congress = 336
• 14.3c Federal Courts = 337
• 14.4 State and Local Governments = 337
• Bibliography = 338
• 15 Radio, Television, and the First Amendment = 339
• 15.1 Origins and Purposes of the First Amendment = 339
• 15.2 Exceptions to Freedom of Press = 340
• 15.2a Defamation = 340
• 15.2b Right of Privacy = 341
• 15.2c Copyright = 341
• 15.2d Free Press versus Fair Trial = 343
• 15.2e Prior Restraint = 344
• 15.2f Access and Reporter's Privilege = 345
• 15.2g Obscenity = 346
• 15.3 Exceptions to Freedom of Radio and Television = 347
• 15.3a Exceptions by Law and Regulation = 347
• 15.3b Section 315 = 347
• 15.3c FCC Concern with Programming = 348
• 15.3d Fairness Doctrine = 352
• 15.3e Indecency = 356
• 15.3f Low-Power Television, Direct-Broadcast Satellite, Teletext, and Multipoint Distribution Service = 356
• 15.4 First Amendment for Whom? = 357
• Bibliography = 360
• 16 Ethics and Self-regulation = 362
• 16.1 Ethical Considerations = 362
• 16.1a Moral Obligations = 363
• 16.1b Ethics of Fulfilling Requirements = 365
• 16.1c "Ethical" Defined = 365
• 16.1d The Ethical Broadcaster = 365
• 16.1e The Unethical Broadcaster = 366
• 16.1f Unethical Business Practices = 367
• 16.1g Program Practices Under Question = 368
• 16.2 Self-regulation = 369
• 16.2a NAB Codes = 369
• 16.2b Other Vehicles for Self-regulation = 371
• Bibliography = 372
• part five ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE = 375
• 17 Sales and Advertising = 377
• 17.1 Advertising = 377
• 17.1a Pros and Cons = 379
• 17.2 Advertisers and Agencies = 380
• l7.2a Advertising Agencies = 381
• 17.2b Target Audiences = 382
• 17.3 Local Time Sales = 383
• 17.3a Sales Staff = 383
• 17.3b Tools For Selling = 384
• 17.3c Art of Sales = 385
• 17.3d Tradeout and Barter = 386
• 17.3e Barter Syndication = 386
• 17.3f Per Inquiry = 387
• 17.3g Time Brokering = 387
• 17.3h Leased Channels = 387
• 17.4 The Rep = 387
• 17.5 Selling Network Time = 389
• 17.5a Television Broadcast Networks = 389
• 17.5b Radio Broadcast Networks = 389
• 17.5c Cable Networks = 390
• 17.5d Compensation = 390
• Bibliography = 391
• 18 Rates and Ratings = 392
• 18.1 The Rate Card = 392
• 18.1a Radio Station Rate Cards = 392
• 18.1b Television Station Rate Cards = 394
• 18.1c Off The Card = 396
• 18.1d Network Rate Cards = 396
• 18.2 Ratings = 396
• 18.2a Basic Concepts = 397
• 18.2b The Sample = 397
• 18.2c Market = 398
• 18.2d Ratings and Shares = 399
• 18.2e Projection and Sampling Error = 401
• 18.2f Ratings As History = 401
• 18.2g Data Gathering = 403
• 18.2h Ratings Organization = 406
• 18.2i Policing and Problems = 413
• Bibliography = 414
• 19 Local Outlets = 415
• 19.1 The Broadcast Licensee = 416
• 19.1a Patterns of Ownership = 416
• 19.1b Limitations on Ownership = 416
• 19.1c The Licensing Process = 418
• 19.1d Competing Applications = 419
• 19.1e Change in Facilities, Ownership, and Control = 420
• 19.1f License Renewal = 421
• 19.1g Other Requirements = 421
• 19.1h Loss of License = 421
• 19.1i Distress Sales and Tax Certificates = 422
• 19.2 Profit and Loss 422
• 19.3 Station Organization 425
• 19.3a Physical Plant Requirements : Radio Stations = 425
• 19.3b Physical Plant Requirements : Television Stations = 427
• 19.3c Personnel = 429
• 19.4 Small Stations and Large Stations = 432
• 19.5 Organization of Other Outlets = 433
• 19.5a Cable Systems = 433
• 19.5b Other Media = 436
• 19.6 Unions = 436
• 19.7 Trade Associations = 437
• 19.7a Broadcasting = 437
• 19.7b Cable = 439
• 19.7c Other Media = 440
• Bibliography = 440
• 20 Networks = 442
• 20.1 Concept of Networking = 442
• 20.1a Networks and Nonnetworks = 442
• 20.1b Functions and Purposes of Networking = 444
• 20.1c Distribution = 445
• 20.2 Profit and Loss in National Networking = 448
• 20.3 Scope of Networking = 449
• 20.3a The Three Major Broadcast Networks = 449
• 20.3b National Cable Networks = 452
• 20.3c Broadcasting and Cable = 456
• 20.3d "Fourth Networks" = 457
• 20.3e Television News Networks and Services = 458
• 20.3f Special Television Networks = 460
• 20.3g LPTV Networks 460
• 20.3h Radio Networks = 461
• 20.4 Regional Networks = 462
• 20.5 State Networks = 463
• 20.6 Direct Broadcast Satellites = 463
• 20.7 Criticisms of the Network System = 464
• Bibliography = 466
• 21 Careers in Radio and Television = 467
• 21.1 Career Opportunities = 467
• 21.1a Types Of Jobs = 468
• 21.1b Special Note on Sales = 468
• 21.1c Other Areas = 469
• 21.1d Why Radio-TV = 470
• 21.1e Attitudes - Theirs and Yours = 470
• 21.1f Availability of Jobs = 470
• 21.1g Pay and Advancement = 471
• 21.2 Career Patterns = 471
• 21.3 Career Preparation = 472
• 21.3a Trade Schools = 473
• 21.3b Colleges and Universities = 473
• 21.3c Junior Colleges and Community Colleges = 474
• 21.3d On-the-job Training = 475
• 21.4 The First Job = 476
• 21.4a Finding It = 476
• 21.4b Keeping It = 478
• Bibliography = 479
• part six COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE = 481
• 22 Noncommercial Broadcasting = 483
• 22.1 History = 483
• 22.1a The Struggle for Reserved Channels = 483
• 22.1b Federal Funding : Facilities = 485
• 22.1c Federal Funding : Programming = 486
• 22.1d Problems = 487
• 22.1e The Scramble for Survival = 488
• 22.1f NPR's Year of Tribulation = 489
• 22.2 Programming = 490
• 22.2a National = 490
• 22.2b Local = 492
• 22.3 Public Station Licensees = 495
• 22.4 Funding Sources = 496
• 22.5 The Commercial Activities of Noncommercial Broadcasting = 497
• 22.6 Public Broadcasting Organizations = 499
• 22.7 Public Broadcasting, Deregulation, and New Technologies = 501
• 22.8 Instructional Broadcasting = 501
• 22.8a The McMurrin Report = 501
• 22.8b Mostly Television = 502
• 22.8c Uses = 502
• 22.8d Program Sources = 502
• 22.8e ITFS = 502
• 22.9 Closed Circuit Radio and Television = 503
• Bibliography = 506
• 23 Print, Film, and Other Nonelectronic Media = 507
• 23.1 Print = 507
• 23.1a Books = 507
• 23.1b Newspapers = 509
• 23.1c Magazines = 511
• 23.2 Film = 512
• 23.2a History = 512
• 23.2b Changing Economics = 513
• 23.2c Status = 514
• 23.3 Other Media = 515
• 23.3a Sound Recordings = 515
• 23.3b Direct Mail = 515
• 23.3c Outdoor Advertising = 516
• 23.3d Minor Media = 516
• 23.4 Blurring Boundaries = 516
• Bibliography = 518
• 24 Foreign Radio and Television = 519
• 24.1 Wells' Analysis = 519
• 24.2 National Systems : Four Examples = 520
• 24.2a United Kingdom = 520
• 24.2b Union of Soviet Socialist Republics = 522
• 24.2c India = 523
• 24.2d The Netherlands = 524
• 24.3 International Broadcasting Organizations = 525
• 24.3a International Telecommunications Union = 525
• 24.3b Regional Broadcasting Organizations = 526
• 24.4 U.S. Programming As Competition = 527
• 24.4a The Commercialization of Television = 527
• 24.4b Media Imperialism = 528
• 24.4c New World Information Order = 529
• 24.5 Competition to U.S. Broadcasting = 530
• Bibliography = 531
• part seven SOCIOPSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE = 533
• 25 Factors in Degree of Impact = 535
• 25.1 You = 536
• 25.1a Predisposition = 536
• 25.1b Personality = 537
• 25.1c Involvement = 537
• 25.2 Others = 537
• 25.3 Conditions of Reception = 539
• 25.4 Medium = 539
• 25.5 Message = 539
• 25.6 Communicator = 539
• Bibliography = 540
• 26 Impact = 541
• 26.1 Impact On individuals = 541
• 26.1a Attitudes and Values = 541
• 26.1b Behavior = 542
• 26.1c Children = 545
• 26.2 impact On Society = 546
• 26.2a Culture, Style, and Taste = 546
• 26.2b Politics = 547
• 26.2c Social Change = 549
• 26.3 Long-Range Impact = 549
• Bibliography = 551
• 27 Research and Theory = 553
• 27.1 Research = 553
• 27.1a Notion Of Science = 553
• 27.1b Methods = 554
• 27.1c History = 556
• 27.2 Theory = 556
• 27.2a Intervening Variables = 556
• 27.2b Nature of Communication Theory : An Extended Example = 557
• 27.2c Theories of Mass Communication = 558
• 27.3 Research and the Communication Process = 563
• 27.3a Decoder and Receiver = 563
• 27.3b Message = 564
• 27.3c Encoder = 565
• 27.3d Feedback = 565
• 27.3e Channel = 565
• Bibliography = 567
• Index = 568