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    環境葛藤의 文化的 分析 : 새만금개발사업을 中心으로 = Cultural Analysis of Environmental Conflicts : In Case of the Saemangeum Project

    한글로보기

    https://www.riss.kr/link?id=T10068072

    • 저자
    • 발행사항

      서울 : 高麗大學校 大學院, 2004

    • 학위논문사항

      학위논문(박사) -- 고려대학교 대학원 , 행정학과 , 2004. 8

    • 발행연도

      2004

    • 작성언어

      한국어

    • 주제어
    • KDC

      361.767 판사항(4)

    • 발행국(도시)

      서울

    • 형태사항

      vii, 299p. : 삽도 ; 26cm.

    • 일반주기명

      참고문헌: p. 267-295

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    다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract) kakao i 다국어 번역

    This dissertation examines, through quantitative and qualitative methods and Cultural Theory(CT), how cultural bias, as the frame of reference of stakeholders, brings about irresolvable conflicts and produces divided arguments between pro-and anti-group about Korea's Saemangeum project. Based on different cultural biases, each stakeholder interpreted the same facts differently in line with their cultural orientations and ways of life. The dynamic argument patterns indirectly reflect each stakeholder's cultural bias and survey results more directly show such cultural biases.
    This dissertation started with research question: why is it difficult to resolve environmental conflicts through more rational choice approaches or interest-based approaches which involve adjusting the benefits and costs attributed to each of stakeholders? Our argument is that environmental issues are not only a matter of interests but also of cultural values and ways of life closely connected with each own belief system.
    As we see conflicts around Saemangeum project as cultural ones, we adopted CT suggested by Mary Douglas and Aaron Wildavsky. In CT, the elementary forms of social life result in four ways of life (hierarchy, individualism, egalitarianism, fatalism). Those four ways of life start from sociality; this sociality consists of two basic factors, Grid and Group.
    Groupis defined in terms of the claim it makes over its constituent members, the boundary it draws around them, the rights it confers to them in using its name and other attributes, and the levies and constraints it applies. Grouprefers to the extent to which an individual is incorporated into bounded units. A high group has tighter controls over admission, the higher boundaries separating members from nonmembers. Among four cultures or ways of life, first, in hierarchy, individuals are subject both to controls from other members in the group and to pressure from social classifications in the grid. Central authority works as a leverage to produce harmony between different classes. Under individualism, without regulations and group commitment, individuals can freely negotiate everything.
    Egalitarianismmaintains strong group boundaries and no regulations with non-central authority; minimal prescriptions; and the lowest role differentiation. Thus, as a result of group orientation toward internal solidarity, an unremitting antagonism exists toward outside "evil" groups. The demarcated conceptions between inside "good" and outside "evil" reinforce internal solidarity without central authorities. Fatalismis strongly controlled and feels the isolation. This culture provides its members with a basic perspective for interpreting things and a common views.
    Under CT, we hypothesize that culture as worldviews and cosmology determinates stakeholder's attitude and behavior across experts and lay people. In Saemangeum case, experts consist of development-friendly groups and conservation-friendly groups whereas lay groups do three ones; first more development-friendly government organizations (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Junbuk regional government) and developer (Korea Agriculture and Rural Infrastructure Corporation); Second, more environment-friendly environment-movement groups and religious movement groups; Isolated fishers near Saemangeum area.
    It is generally regarded experts as symbol of neutrality. Our research sees experts as those who have cultural biases in their mind. We set up hypothesis that across expert and lay people, development groups are dominated by individualism and hierarchy whereas conservation groups are by egalitarianism. More third group, fishers near Saemangeum area may be dominated by fatalism.
    By qualitative method (argument analysis) and quantitative method (Q-method, survey research), we come to conclude that in spite of amount of knowledge and the degree of expertise, culture bias set up mental structure and argument structure of experts and lay people.
    First, qualitative research indirectly shows that experts and lay groups reveal cleavages in arguments about tidal land, water pollution, red tide, environment destruction, benefit-cost analysis, and policy tools to improve water quality and prevent the pollution. As those arguments are closely connected issues of secondary values and attitude, such as environmentalism, risk perception, belief in technology and management system, blame attribution, trust structure and policy preference. The arguments as mirrors of mental structure indirectly show that there are culture cleavages between pro-groups (dominated by individualism and hierarchy, anti-groups (dominated by egalitarianism), and isolated fishers (dominated by fatalism).
    Second, quantitative research directly shows that both experts and lay people are dominated by cultural biases. In Q-analysis, pro-experts show having hierarchy whereas anti-experts do having egalitarianism. In survey analysis, pro-lay groups reveal having hierarchy and individualism whereas anti-lay groups do having egalitarianism. Moreover fishers have fatalism. Next, we examine how cultural biases have effects on lay people's attitudes such as environmentalism, risk perception, belief in technology and management system, blame attribution, trust structure and policy preference. We find that cultural biases has consistently effects on such attitudes and secondary values.
    In short, this dissertations show that conflicts around Saemanguem project come from differences of cultural biases and worldviews. This result has the policy implication as follows; First, for the sake of building good governance and facilitating successful policy implementation, we consider cultural biases which are possessed by stockholders. Second, we accept plural rationalities and mosaic composition of cultures in the course of policy deliberation and design.
    번역하기

    This dissertation examines, through quantitative and qualitative methods and Cultural Theory(CT), how cultural bias, as the frame of reference of stakeholders, brings about irresolvable conflicts and produces divided arguments between pro-and anti-gro...

    This dissertation examines, through quantitative and qualitative methods and Cultural Theory(CT), how cultural bias, as the frame of reference of stakeholders, brings about irresolvable conflicts and produces divided arguments between pro-and anti-group about Korea's Saemangeum project. Based on different cultural biases, each stakeholder interpreted the same facts differently in line with their cultural orientations and ways of life. The dynamic argument patterns indirectly reflect each stakeholder's cultural bias and survey results more directly show such cultural biases.
    This dissertation started with research question: why is it difficult to resolve environmental conflicts through more rational choice approaches or interest-based approaches which involve adjusting the benefits and costs attributed to each of stakeholders? Our argument is that environmental issues are not only a matter of interests but also of cultural values and ways of life closely connected with each own belief system.
    As we see conflicts around Saemangeum project as cultural ones, we adopted CT suggested by Mary Douglas and Aaron Wildavsky. In CT, the elementary forms of social life result in four ways of life (hierarchy, individualism, egalitarianism, fatalism). Those four ways of life start from sociality; this sociality consists of two basic factors, Grid and Group.
    Groupis defined in terms of the claim it makes over its constituent members, the boundary it draws around them, the rights it confers to them in using its name and other attributes, and the levies and constraints it applies. Grouprefers to the extent to which an individual is incorporated into bounded units. A high group has tighter controls over admission, the higher boundaries separating members from nonmembers. Among four cultures or ways of life, first, in hierarchy, individuals are subject both to controls from other members in the group and to pressure from social classifications in the grid. Central authority works as a leverage to produce harmony between different classes. Under individualism, without regulations and group commitment, individuals can freely negotiate everything.
    Egalitarianismmaintains strong group boundaries and no regulations with non-central authority; minimal prescriptions; and the lowest role differentiation. Thus, as a result of group orientation toward internal solidarity, an unremitting antagonism exists toward outside "evil" groups. The demarcated conceptions between inside "good" and outside "evil" reinforce internal solidarity without central authorities. Fatalismis strongly controlled and feels the isolation. This culture provides its members with a basic perspective for interpreting things and a common views.
    Under CT, we hypothesize that culture as worldviews and cosmology determinates stakeholder's attitude and behavior across experts and lay people. In Saemangeum case, experts consist of development-friendly groups and conservation-friendly groups whereas lay groups do three ones; first more development-friendly government organizations (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Junbuk regional government) and developer (Korea Agriculture and Rural Infrastructure Corporation); Second, more environment-friendly environment-movement groups and religious movement groups; Isolated fishers near Saemangeum area.
    It is generally regarded experts as symbol of neutrality. Our research sees experts as those who have cultural biases in their mind. We set up hypothesis that across expert and lay people, development groups are dominated by individualism and hierarchy whereas conservation groups are by egalitarianism. More third group, fishers near Saemangeum area may be dominated by fatalism.
    By qualitative method (argument analysis) and quantitative method (Q-method, survey research), we come to conclude that in spite of amount of knowledge and the degree of expertise, culture bias set up mental structure and argument structure of experts and lay people.
    First, qualitative research indirectly shows that experts and lay groups reveal cleavages in arguments about tidal land, water pollution, red tide, environment destruction, benefit-cost analysis, and policy tools to improve water quality and prevent the pollution. As those arguments are closely connected issues of secondary values and attitude, such as environmentalism, risk perception, belief in technology and management system, blame attribution, trust structure and policy preference. The arguments as mirrors of mental structure indirectly show that there are culture cleavages between pro-groups (dominated by individualism and hierarchy, anti-groups (dominated by egalitarianism), and isolated fishers (dominated by fatalism).
    Second, quantitative research directly shows that both experts and lay people are dominated by cultural biases. In Q-analysis, pro-experts show having hierarchy whereas anti-experts do having egalitarianism. In survey analysis, pro-lay groups reveal having hierarchy and individualism whereas anti-lay groups do having egalitarianism. Moreover fishers have fatalism. Next, we examine how cultural biases have effects on lay people's attitudes such as environmentalism, risk perception, belief in technology and management system, blame attribution, trust structure and policy preference. We find that cultural biases has consistently effects on such attitudes and secondary values.
    In short, this dissertations show that conflicts around Saemanguem project come from differences of cultural biases and worldviews. This result has the policy implication as follows; First, for the sake of building good governance and facilitating successful policy implementation, we consider cultural biases which are possessed by stockholders. Second, we accept plural rationalities and mosaic composition of cultures in the course of policy deliberation and design.

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    목차 (Table of Contents)

    • 목차 = ⅰ
    • 1장 서론 = 1
    • 1절 연구의 배경 = 1
    • 2절 연구의 내용 = 2
    • 3절 선행연구검토 = 7
    • 목차 = ⅰ
    • 1장 서론 = 1
    • 1절 연구의 배경 = 1
    • 2절 연구의 내용 = 2
    • 3절 선행연구검토 = 7
    • 2장 이론적 배경 = 11
    • 1절 문화이론 = 11
    • 1. 문화의 개념정의 = 11
    • 2. 문화의 구성요소 : 문화편향과 사회적 관계 = 12
    • 3. 사회성의 차원 : 집단(Group)과 망(Grid) = 14
    • 1) 집단/망의 정의와 기원 = 14
    • 2) 집단/망과 사회적 관계 = 19
    • 3) 집단/망과 문화유형간 관계 : 연구방법의 문제 = 20
    • 4. 문화의 유형과 내용 = 24
    • 1) 네 가지 문화유형 = 24
    • 2) 문화유형의 명명 : 연구지향의 문제 = 26
    • 3) 문화유형간 상호작용과 문화변화 = 28
    • 4) 문화유형별 내용 = 33
    • (1) 문화편향1 : 세계관(worldview) = 33
    • (2) 문화편향2 : 파생된 가치 = 38
    • 2절 전문가, 일반인 그리고 문화 = 48
    • 1. 전문가와 일반인 = 48
    • 2. 정책, 전문가, 일반인 = 50
    • 3. 전문가에 대한 접근방법 = 51
    • 3절 연구가설과 연구모형 = 54
    • 3장 연구설계 = 57
    • 1절 질적 방법과 양적 방법 = 57
    • 2절 질적 방법 : 논변분석 = 58
    • 1. 정책논변의 의의 = 58
    • 2. 정책논변의 구조 = 58
    • 3. 논변의 자료수집과 분석내용 = 59
    • 1) 자료수집 = 59
    • 2) 분석내용 = 60
    • 3절 양적 방법 : R방법과 Q방법론 = 60
    • 1. R방법과 Q방법론 = 60
    • 2. 개념화와 측정 = 62
    • 3. 표본설계 = 68
    • 4. 자료분석방법 = 71
    • 4장 환경갈등의 문화적 분석Ⅰ : 전문가 집단 = 72
    • 1절 새만금 갈등의 전개과정과 이해관계자 = 72
    • 1. 새만금개발사업의 개요 = 72
    • 2. 새만금갈등의 단계별 전개과정 = 72
    • 1) 사회문제화 = 72
    • 2) 사회쟁점화 = 73
    • 3) 정책쟁점화 = 74
    • 3. 새만금갈등에서 이해관계자와 갈등의 차원 = 74
    • 1) 이해관계자 = 74
    • 2) 갈등의 차원 = 79
    • 2절 전문가 찬반 집단의 활동과정과 구성 = 80
    • 1. 전문가 찬반 집단의 활동과정 = 80
    • 1) 1기: 논변장과 쟁점의 형성기(1999.5.-2001.4.) = 80
    • 2) 2기: 논변의 확산기(2001.5.-2003.5.) = 80
    • 3) 3기: 논변내용의 검증기와 강화기(2003.6.-) = 81
    • 2. 전문가 찬반 집단의 구성 = 81
    • 3절 전문가 찬반 집단간 논변갈등 : 질적 분석 = 83
    • 1. 갯벌논쟁 = 83
    • 1) 갯벌의 형성여부 = 83
    • 2) 갯벌의 형성경로 = 87
    • 3) 갯벌의 기능여부 = 89
    • 4) 갯벌파괴의 피해정도 = 91
    • 5) 갯벌의 정화기능 = 93
    • 6) 갯벌의 가치와 특성 = 97
    • 2. 강과 호소의 수질과 오염논쟁 = 98
    • 1) 오염과 수질논쟁의 개요 = 98
    • 2) 오염부하량 논쟁 = 99
    • 3) 수질예측 논쟁 = 104
    • 3. 적조와 녹조 논쟁 = 122
    • 1) 적조와 녹조의 원인과 발생경로 = 122
    • 2) 적조와 녹조의 발생가능성 = 122
    • 3) 적조와 녹조의 통제가능성 = 124
    • 4. 생태계 파괴 논쟁 = 124
    • 1) 해양생태계의 파괴 = 124
    • 2) 조류생태계의 파괴 = 126
    • 3) 호소 생태계의 문제 = 128
    • 5. 자연과 인공물의 가치논쟁 = 128
    • 1) 가치논쟁의 개요 = 128
    • 2) 편익과 비용항목의 구성 = 130
    • 3) 공동조사단과 생태경제연구회간 차이 = 131
    • 4) 비용과 편익내용의 차이 = 135
    • 6. 환경보전정책 논쟁 = 155
    • 1) 환경보전정책의 개요 = 155
    • 2) 환경보전대책의 쟁점 = 158
    • 4절 전문가 집단간 문화갈등 : Q방법론에 의한 양적분석 = 170
    • 1. Q분류 = 170
    • 2. 분석결과 = 171
    • 1) 문화편향에 대한 분석과 해석 = 171
    • 2) 논변내용에 대한 분석과 해석 = 174
    • 5절 소결: 전문가 집단간 문화갈등 = 177
    • 1. 전문가 논변의 내용적 기반 = 177
    • 2. 전문가 논변의 문화적 기반 = 182
    • 5장 환경갈등의 문화적 분석Ⅱ : 일반인 집단 = 185
    • 1절 일반인 집단의 구성과 활동과정 = 185
    • 1. 개발집단 = 185
    • 2. 보존집단 = 185
    • 3. 소외집단 = 187
    • 2절 일반인 집단간 논변갈등 : 질적 분석 = 189
    • 1. 갯벌논쟁 = 189
    • 1) 개발집단 : 국익과 발전 = 189
    • 2) 보존집단 : 생명체=갯벌 = 193
    • 3) 소외집단 : 삶의 터전 = 195
    • 2. 오염논쟁 = 196
    • 1) 개발집단 : 통제의 신화 = 196
    • 2) 보존집단 : 오염의 이미지 = 199
    • 3) 소외집단 : 미래의 일 = 201
    • 3. 생태계 파괴와 복원 논쟁 = 201
    • 1) 개발집단 : 자연의 복원력 신뢰 = 201
    • 2) 보존집단 : 생태계의 고유성과 유일성 = 202
    • 3) 소외집단 : 생활기반으로서의 생태계 = 203
    • 4. 자연과 인공물의 가치논쟁 = 203
    • 1) 개발집단 : 인공물의 가치 = 203
    • 2) 보존집단 : 자연의 가치 = 205
    • 3) 소외집단 : 자연 대 인공물 = 208
    • 5. 환경보전정책논쟁 = 208
    • 1) 개발집단 : 관리의 신화 = 208
    • 2) 보존집단 : 기술과 관리제도가 문제 = 211
    • 3) 소외집단 : 양면적 태도 = 213
    • 6. 감정과 신뢰의 문제 = 214
    • 1) 개발집단 : 시민단체=질서 위배자 = 214
    • 2) 보존집단 : 권위체에 대한 의심 = 214
    • 3) 소외집단 : 갈등과 불신의 문화 = 218
    • 3절 일반인 집단간 문화갈등 : 양적 분석 = 225
    • 1. 인구학적 변수, 신뢰도, 타당도 = 225
    • 2. 집단전체에 대한 분석 = 227
    • 3. 집단간 차이분석 = 229
    • 1) 집단간 문화편향 차이 = 229
    • 2) 자연(nature)과 환경주의(environmentalism) = 234
    • 3) 위험지각(risk perception) = 236
    • 4) 기술과 관리체제(technology & management system) = 237
    • 5) 비난귀인과 신뢰구조(blame attribution & trust structure) = 238
    • 6) 정책선호(policy preference) = 242
    • 4절 전문가와 일반인간 비교분석 = 246
    • 1. 문화의 지배구조 = 246
    • 2. 논변의 지지구조 = 249
    • 5절 소결 : 일반인 집단간 문화갈등 = 252
    • 1. 일반인 논변의 내용적 기반 = 252
    • 2. 일반인 논변의 문화적 기반 = 254
    • 6장 결론 = 258
    • 1. 연구의 결과 = 258
    • 2. 연구의 이론적 정책적 함의 = 264
    • 3. 연구의 한계 = 266
    • 참고문헌 = 267
    • Abstract = 296
    • 부록1 Q설문지 = 299
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