감시와 복종: 조이스와 경찰 = Surveillance and Subservience: Joyce and the Police Gaze(tte)

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

It is already an axiom that the spiritual paralysis of Dubliners is ascribed, at least partly, to the British occupation of Ireland. One of the “ideological state apparatuses” that sustained the colonial presence of the British empire in Ireland was police. It is necessary to understand the structure and history of police in Ireland. In turn-of-the-century Dublin, police functioned as a colonial force for surveillance rather than for maintenance of order. It consisted of Royal Irish Constabulary and Dublin Metropolitan Police. In Ulysses, which deals mainly with the life of Dublin, the latter is more relevant. The dual structure of Irish police was based on the colonial strategy that purported to reinforce the surveillance of Irish people. DMP recruited Catholic laymen from the country in order to avoid parochial affinity and to facilitate colonial surveillance. DMP expanded its organization, thus initiating G-division, whose main purpose was to gather information about Irish nationalist movements. The first reports of DMP on urban crimes in 1838 indicate that Dublin was a lawless city, full of crimes. But this disorder seemed to result from police actions focusing on oppressing Irish demands for political independence and economic prosperity. Actually those crimes were minor and venal, because they were related to poverty and alcoholism. Despite these situations, DMP reinforced its surveillance by increasing the number of G-men. In the “Lestrygonians” episode of Ulysses, Joyce presents policemen as the mythological figures--Lestrygonians, man-eating monsters. Blooms thinks of them as serving the upper class that were pillars of the British empire. In Dublin, all people were under colonial 30 surveillance, since nobody could know who works as an informant for DMP or Dublin Castle. Corny Kelleher appears to interfere in the fight between Stephen and men in uniforms as if he were an authority. He is suspected as an informant for DMP, because his job, undertaker, was listed as one of the jobs provided to after-service informants. This skepticism or disbelief was a social malady, which encroached on the Irish soul. Joyce insinuates that this panoptic surveillance maintained by police is represented by a popular magazine, the Police Gazette. A gazette means a magazine published by an official organization for public announcements, but Joyce plays with the word, gazette, by reminding us of “little gaze.” In other words, Joyce recognizes that the presence of panoptic surveillance reinforces colonial domination and political subservience among Irish people. To Joyce, police is a physical organization, which not only suffocates the Irish soul by producing mutual suspicion, but also controls the Irish body with legal principles. This explains why the presence of police in Joyce`s work is powerful, even though it is not conspicuous.