국제법상 법실증주의에 대한 소고

국문 초록 (Abstract)

오늘날 국제법에 법실증주의는 중요한 위치를 차지하고 있다. 적어도 법실증주의적 방법론과 도구에서 자유로운 법학자나 법실무자는 찾기 어렵다. 그러나 그렇다고 하여 기존의 법실증주의 이론을 그대로 다 받아들이기 어려운 것이 현 국제사회의 실정이다. 결국, 변화하는 국제사회의 당면 문제 중 하나는 과연 국제법이 무엇인가 하는 것일 것이다. 국제사회에 법은 무의미하며 권력 담론만이 존재한다는 극단주의에 빠지지 않고, 동시에 형식주의에 빠져서 정치 현실과 도덕과 관련된 이론적 난제를 고려하지 않는 상황을 피하기 위해서는 필요한 질문이라 생각한다. 이 글에서는 국제사회에서의 법실증주의에 대한 기초 연구를 목적으로 하였다. 이 글에서 확인한 테제는 크게 3가지이다. 분리가능성 테제, 사회관행 테제, 법연원의 단일성 테제가 그것이다. 이 테제들을 검토하여 보았을 때, 법실증주의의 주장은 예외 없이 받아들이기 어려운 이론이 된다. 법실증주의 이론이 국제법의 비법실증주의적 요소를 설명하지 못하고, 법현실과의 괴리가 있는 부분이 있기 때문이다. 이 글에서는 이 문제를 일부 해소할 대안으로 규범적 법실증주의에서 어떤 단초를 찾을 수 있다고 보았다. 규범적 법실증주의는 법과 도덕이 실제 사실로 분리되어 있다고 주장하지 않는다. 규범적 법실증주의는 법이 중립적이고 객관적인 과학이 아니고 가치 해석적 측면이 있다는 것을 인정한다. 그러나 법과 도덕이 분리되어야만 한다는 당위적 주장을 한다. 분리되었을 때, 법의 지배 상황에서 해당 사회에 이익이 있다는 것이다. 규범적 법실증주의는 국내법을 중심으로 하는 법철학자들이 제시한 이론이기 때문에, 국제사회에 바로 적용되기에는 무리가 있을 수 있고, 국제사회에 걸맞게 재해석 및 변경되어야 할 부분이 있다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Today, legal positivism has a critical status in international law. At least it is difficult to identify international law scholar or lawyer free from methodology and tool based on legal positivism. Nonetheless, it is also troublesome to accept legal positivism wholeheartedly considering the status of the current international legal order. Perhaps, one of the confronted issues of the international society is the question: what is international law? This is a substantial matter as one may fall into an extremist stance that the essence of law in the international society is a meaningless power dynamic. On the other hand, one may also hide behind the formalistic legal analysis ignoring the theoretical dilemma between law and politics/morality. The purpose of the paper is to consider the foundational questions and a possible alternative insight on international legal positivism. Three theses of international legal positivism have been identified: separability thesis, social convention thesis, the unity of source thesis. However, those theses cannot be accepted without exceptions. The current theory of international legal positivism cannot explain non-legal positivistic phenomena of international law. This paper suggests that normative legal positivism could be an alternative theory of legal positivism which may resolve some of the dilemmas of international law. Most theorists of normative legal positivism have based their theory in the domestic context demanding reinterpretation and modification if they were to be applied in the international law.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서론
• Ⅱ. 법실증주의의 역사적 배경과 개략적 발전과정
• Ⅲ. 국제법상 법실증주의의 테제
• Ⅳ. 규범적 법실증주의 논의의 필요성?
• Ⅴ. 결론
• 국문초록
• ABSTRACT

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