국내이주와 국제이주의 접목 = Linkages between Internal and International Migration with Particular Reference to Socio-Economic Aspects of Punjab in India

국문 초록 (Abstract)

국제이주의 초국가적 관점은 ‘국가적 경계를 넘는다’라는 점을 강조하기 때문에 흔히 개별 국가 간의 사회·문화적, 정치·경제적 네트워크 연결에 관심이 있었다. 반면 초국가적 접근은 국제이주 다발지역 국가 내에서 흔히 국제이주와 국내이주가 접목됨으로써 전개되는 다양한 사회·경제적 양상들에는 관심이 없었다. 그러나 국제이주의 흐름이 강하게 지속되고 있는 지역들, 예컨대 인도의 뻔잡처럼 대규모 국제이주로 인해 인도의 다른 지역들로부터 많은 이주노동자가 유입되어 왔으며, 이에 따른 국제이주와 국내이주의 ‘이질적 노동력 회로’가 상호 접목되는 지점이 발생하여 왔다. 사실 인도 뻔잡의 국제이주는 현지의 노동력 수요와 공급에 불균형을 가져왔으며, 이들 지역으로 유입되는 국내이주는 이를 해결하는 하나의 방편으로 여겨져 왔다. 더구나 녹색혁명을 통한 농업 근대화와 국제이주가 맞물린 인도 뻔잡은 농업 노동력 수요를 급격히 증가시킴으로써 인도 내 다른 주들, 대표적으로 비하르와 우따르 쁘라데시로부터 이주민을 유인하는 ‘농촌-농촌 국내이주’의 전형을 보여주었다.
일반적으로 국내이주와 국제이주는 국가적 경계를 넘는가의 여부에 따라 구분되지만 최근 일부 연구들은 이 두 가지 형태의 이주가 독립적으로 연구되는 것보다는 두 종류의 이주가 접목되는 지점에 주목을 할 필요가 있다고 주장한다. 이들 연구들은 국내이주가 국제이주를 유인하거나 역으로 국제이주가 국내이주를 유인하는 사례들을 제시하고 있으며, 또한 두 범주의 이주가 상이한 선상에서 접목됨으로써 만들어지는 다양한 유형의 이주현상들을 제시하고 있다.
농업이 국가의 중요 산업으로 인식되고 여전히 농업 종사인구의 비율이 높은 인도사회에서는 다양한 유형의 국내이주가 진행되고 있으며, 특히 국제이주가 활발한 인도 뻔잡과 같은 농촌지역에서는 국제이주와 국내이주가 접목되는 지점에 다양한 사회ㆍ경제적 양상들이 전개되어 왔다. 본 연구의 목적은 인도에서 국제이주가 활발하게 진행되고 있는 대표적인 지역인 뻔잡의 도압지방을 중심으로 국제이주와 국내이주가 만나는 지점에서 전개되는 다양한 사회·경제적 양상을 규명하는 데 있다. 본 연구는 도압 지역에 속하는 잘란다르 군의 일부 촌락들에 대한 단기 인류학적 현지조사에서 수집된 자료를 관련 문헌 자료와 함께 분석함으로써 이주 연구가 ‘국민국가의 국경을 넘는 국제이주뿐만 아니라 동일 국가 내에서 국제이주가 유인하는 국내이주 양상을 함께 고려해야 한다는 점을 강조하고 있다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Migration processes are usually differentiated between internal and international migration. The transnational approach which has been welcomed by scholars to describe contemporary migrations stresses the importance of crossing international borders, and ignores internal migration. This study aims at exploring some socio-economic scenarios of inter-linkages between internal and international migration by using data gathered from short-term anthropological fieldwork in villages of Punjab, India.
Punjab had become main basis for providing military forces and labours to British Imperial Government, which was largely for spreading Punjabis all over the world. Further, from the 1950s migration from Punjab especially from Doab region was dominated by movement to overseas like England and North Americas. This massive international migration from Punjab has been generating further internal migration from the other Indian states like Bihar and Uttar Pradesh to the sites of agriculture, constructions of village infra-structure, and religious institutions in rural Punjab. This in-migration to fill the gaps left by Punjabi migration to overseas has been continuing, motivated by the higher agricultural wages in Punjab, compared to the other states in India.
Recently, the seasonal agricultural migrants from Nepal have been filled by the gaps by the migrants of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, who have been looking for higher wages of employment in Punjab urban areas. Despite the fact that migration from Nepal to Punjab is international migration in nature, both people of Punjab and Nepal are likely to consider this kind of migration as internal migration rather than international one. This study argues that migration approach obsessed only by the nation state and international migration is largely likely to ignore some socio-economic aspects of migration patterns where internal and international migrations are often interlinked, as described in the case of Punjab in this study.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 국문요약
• Ⅰ. 머리말
• Ⅱ. 뻔잡 이주사와 조사 마을 배경
• Ⅲ. 뻔자비 디아스포라와 고향과의 네트워크
• Ⅳ. 국제이주와 국내이주의 접목에 따른 그 사회ㆍ경제적 양상
• Ⅴ. 맺음말
• 참고문헌
• Abstract

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