염화아연 전처리를 통해 제조된 커피잔재물 바이오차와 분말활성탄의 의약품 흡착능 비교 = Removal Efficiency of Pharmaceuticals Using Coffee Residues Biochar Activated with Zinc Chloride and Powdered Activated Carbon

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Objectives : The main objective of this study was to identify the feasibility of ZnCl2 pre-treated biochar derived from coffee residues (C-biochar) as a potential adsorbent for the removal of the pharmaceuticals (i.e., ibuprofen (IBF), atenolol (ATE), and carbamazepine (CBZ)) from wastewater.
Methods : The removal efficiencies of IBF, ATE, and CBZ by C-biochar and powdered activated carbon (PAC) were compared under different pH (3 ~ 9), temperature (15 ~ 45℃), and ionic strength (0 ~ 0.5 M) conditions and directly correlated to their physicochemical properties to provide deeper insights into the removal mechanisms of the pharmaceuticals by the adsorption processes.
Results and Discussion : C-biochar was more effective for the removal of IBF and CBZ compared to PAC since it showed the greater surface area (C-biochar = 1048.2 m2/g; PAC = 957.6 m2/g) and pore volume (C-biochar = 1.044 cm3/g; PAC = 0.676 cm3/g). However, the removal efficiency of ATE by PAC was higher than that of ATE by C-biochar due to the differences in their function group composition. The Freundlich isotherm model was well fitted to the adsorption of the selected pharmaceuticals by C-biochar and PAC compared with the Langmuir isotherm model. The removal of IBF and ATE by C-biochar and PAC varied substantially depending on the pH of the solutions as their adsorption phenomena were mainly governed by the electrostatic interaction whereas the effects of pH on the removal of CBZ were not significant because of its high pKa value (14). Furthermore, the adsorption of all the selected pharmaceuticals by C-biochar and PAC was found to be independent of the solution ionic strength.
Conclusions : This study demonstrated that C-biochar may be utilized as a potential adsorbent for the effective removal of the pharmaceuticals from wastewater due to the greater surface area and pore volume compared to PAC. The removal of IBF, ATE, and CBZ by C-biochar and PAC was strongly influenced by the physicochemical properties of the pharmaceuticals and adsorbents.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

목적 : 본 연구에서는 커피잔재물을 염화아연으로 활성화하여 제조한 Biochar (C-biochar)를 의약품(i.e., Ibuprofen (IBF), Atenolol (ATE), Carbamazepine (CBZ)) 제거를 위한 흡착제로서 적용 가능성을 상용화된 분말활성탄(PAC: Powdered Activated Carbon)과의 비교를 통해 평가하였다.
방법 : 본 연구에서는 2가지 흡착등온식 모델을 이용하여 C-biochar와 PAC에 의한 미량오염물질의 제거기작을 조사하였다. 또한, 다양한 변수들이 미량오염물질 흡착에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 pH (3 ~ 9), 온도(15 ~ 45℃) 및 이온강도(0 ~ 0.5 M) 조건들을 변화시키면서 흡착실험을 수행하였다.
결과 및 토의: C-biochar는 PAC보다 더 넓은 비표면적(C-biochar = 1048.2 m2/g; PAC = 957.6 m2/g)과 공극(C-biochar = 1.044 cm3/g; PAC = 0.676 cm3/g)이 잘 발달되어 IBF와 CBZ의 제거율이 높았지만, PAC보다 표면작용기가 다양하지 않아 ATE의 제거율은 낮았다. 이를 통해 흡착제와 흡착질의 물리화학적 속성과 수용액 조건에따라 제거율이 좌우된다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 등온흡착실험 결과를 통해 C-biochar와 PAC에 의한 대상 의약품의 제거는 Langmuir 등온흡착모델보다 Freundlich 등온흡착모델에 적합한 것으로 보아 다층흡착에 대한 특성을나타내었다. C-biochar에 의한 IBF와 ATE의 제거는 정전기적 상호작용에 의해 이루어졌기 때문에 pH의 변화에따라 크게 달라졌지만, CBZ는 pKa가 높아 pH의 영향을 받지 않았다. C-biochar에 의한 대상 의약품 제거에 온도가 미치는 영향은 IBF는 온도에 영향을 받지 않았으며, ATE과 CBZ은 흡열반응으로 온도가 증가함에 따라 제거율이 증가하였다. pH와 온도와 달리, 이온강도 경우 C-biochar와 PAC에 의한 대상 의약품 제거에 일관된 영향을미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. C-biochar는 PAC와 비교하였을 때 대상 의약품 제거에 대해 현저한 차이가 없는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.
결론 : 본 연구는 ZnCl2 전처리를 통한 커피잔재물로부터 우수한 표면특성을 갖는 Biochar를 제조할 수 있다는 것을 입증하였다. 또한 C-biochar와 PAC의 의약품 제거 메커니즘을 다양한 조건에서 알아본 결과 의약품의 물리화학적 속성들과 흡착제의 특징에 따라 달라진다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

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