Physics of fluids in microgravity

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• List of contributors = xiii
• 1 Fluid science relevance in microgravity research / RODOLFO MONTI = 1
• 1.1 Introduction = 1
• 1.2 Role of fluid behaviour in microgravity experimentation = 2
• 1.3 Microgravity relevance = 4
• 1.4 Fluidynamic equations and typical assumption = 6
• 1.5 Convective vs. diffusive transport = 10
• 1.6 Examples of the evaluation of the convective terms = 12
• 1.6.1 Evaluation of the velocity originated by a steady gravity field = 12
• 1.6.2 Evaluation of the velocity originated by the Marangoni effect = 14
• 1.6.3 Convective motion induced by a solidifcation front = 15
• 1.6.4 Convection induced by fluid heating = 15
• 1.7 Typical microgravity environment of MG platforms = 16
• 1.8 Conclusions = 19
• Nomenclature = 19
• References = 20
• 2 Mechanical behaviour of liquid bridges in microgravity / ISIDORO MART$$\acute I$$NEZ ; JOS$$\acute E$$ M. PERALES = 21
• 2.1 Introduction = 21
• 2.1.1 Drops, jets and liquid bridges = 22
• 2.1.2 The standard liquid bridge = 22
• 2.1.3 Problems of interest in liquid bridge research and microgravity relevance = 24
• 2.1.4 The liquid bridge as a mechanical model for the floating zone process = 24
• 2.2 Theoretical results in the mechanical behaviour of liquid bridges = 27
• 2.2.1 Statics = 29
• 2.2.2 Dynamics = 33
• 2.3 Experimental results in the mechanical behaviour of liquid bridges = 36
• 2.3.1 The need and objectives of experiments = 36
• 2.3.2 Past experiments = 37
• 2.4 Prospective = 41
• 2.4.1 Future experimental opportunities = 43
• References = 44
• 3 Interfacial phenomena / ALBERTO PASSERONE ; LIBERO LIGGIERI ; FRANCESCA RAVERA = 46
• 3.1 The surface tension : one of the most sensitive parameters of the surface physico-chemical conditions = 46
• 3.1.1 Theoretical background = 47
• 3.2 New theories on adsorption dynamics = 52
• 3.2.1 Interfacial adsorption in aqueous systems = 52
• 3.2.2 Gas-liquid exchange at high temperatures = 57
• 3.3 Surface tension measurements under static and dynamic conditions : ground techniques = 60
• 3.3.1 Experimental determination of surface tension = 60
• 3.3.2 Capillary pressure methods = 62
• 3.4 Microgravity measurements : motivations, status and results = 67
• 3.5 Perspectives = 69
• Acknowledgements = 70
• Nomenclature = 70
• References = 71
• 4 Thermal Marangoni flows / DARIO CASTAGNOLO ; RODOLFO MONTI = 78
• 4.1 Historical background = 78
• 4.2 Marangoni convection and microgravity = 82
• 4.3 Application-oriented problems = 84
• 4.3.1 Floating zone = 84
• 4.3.2 Open boat = 86
• 4.3.3 Solidification of immiscible alloys = 87
• 4.4 Basic research topics relative to thermal Marangoni flows = 88
• 4.4.1 Non-dimensional quantities = 88
• 4.4.2 Marangoni boundary layers = 89
• 4.4.3 Liquid bridge = 90
• 4.4.4 Open cavity = 104
• 4.4.5 Interaction of drops with interfaces = 111
• 4.5 Conclusions = 118
• Nomenclature = 119
• References = 121
• 5 Interfacial patterns and waves / MANUEL G. VELARDE ; ALEXANDER A. NEPOMNYASHCHY = 126
• 5.1 Introduction = 126
• 5.2 Thermoconvective patterns and their evolution near threshold = 127
• 5.3 Overstability and waves, scaling and heuristic arguments = 130
• 5.4 Non-linear waves : asymptotic theory = 133
• 5.5 Interfacial waves : experimental evidence = 138
• 5.6 Onset of patterns and waves in multilayer systems = 139
• 5.7 Summary of results and microgravity relevance = 143
• Acknowledgements = 144
• Nomenclature = 144
• References = 145
• 6 Fluid mechanics of bubbles and drops / R. SHANKAR SURBRAMANIAN ; R. BALASUBRAMANIAM ; G$$\ddot U$$NTER WOZNIAK = 149
• 6.1 Introduction = 149
• 6.2 Important dimensionless groups = 151
• 6.3 Theoretical developments = 152
• 6.4 Experiments on the ground = 159
• 6.5 Experiments in reduced gravity = 162
• 6.6 Future prospects = 167
• Acknowledgements = 171
• Nomenclature = 171
• References = 172
• 7 Diffusion and thermodiffusion in microgravity / S. VAN VAERENBERGH ; J. C. LEGROS = 178
• 7.1 Introduction = 178
• 7.2 Diffusive processes = 179
• 7.2.1 Phenomenology = 179
• 7.2.2 Multicomponent diffusion = 183
• 7.2.3 General comments on the dissipative coefficients = 185
• 7.3 Theoretical evaluations of diffusion coefficients = 186
• 7.3.1 Molecular dynamics numerical simulations = 187
• 7.3.2 Theories for isothermal diffusion = 188
• 7.3.3 Theories for Soret coefficients in liquids = 191
• 7.4 Ground-based measurement techniques = 195
• 7.4.1 Description of the approaches = 195
• 7.4.2 Main experimental problems in ground-based measurements = 201
• 7.5 Measurements in microgravity = 205
• 7.5.1 Binary Soret coefficients = 205
• 7.5.2 Self- and inter-diffusion coefficients = 208
• 7.6 Prospects = 211
• 7.6.1 Open questions = 211
• 7.6.2 New investigation fields = 212
• 7.6.3 Examples of some approaches proposed by microgravity = 213
• 7.7 Conclusions = 215
• References = 216
• 8 Critical and supercritical fluids and related phenomena / D. BEYSENS ; Y. GARRABOS = 223
• 8.1 The basics of critical point phenomena in fluids = 224
• 8.1.1 Thermodynamics : order parameter, critical fluctuations = 224
• 8.1.2 Correlation length of fluctuations as a natural length scale = 225
• 8.1.3 Critical slowing-down : unit of time = 225
• 8.1.4 Thermalization by the 'Piston Effect' : critical speeding up = 226
• 8.1.5 Phase separation dynamics = 228
• 8.1.6 Wetting and adsorption properties : the capillary length = 231
• 8.2 The role of hydrodynamics = 233
• 8.2.1 External hydrodynamics due to gravity = 233
• 8.2.2 Zero-g hydrodynamics = 240
• 8.2.3 Vibration-induced hydrodynamics = 242
• 8.3 Fifteen years of space experimentation = 247
• 8.3.1 Why zero-g experiments? = 248
• 8.3.2 Historical approach and major breakthroughs = 249
• 8.3.3 Facilities and flight opportunities = 251
• 8.4 Future experimentation in the International Space Station = 251
• 8.4.1 The fundamental of critical point = 251
• 8.4.2 Phase ordering = 253
• 8.4.3 Vibrational effects = 254
• 8.4.4 Boiling, two-phase thermalization and wetting out of equilibrium = 254
• 8.4.5 Supercritical water oxidation = 255
• 8.5 Concluding remarks : how to work with the International Space Station? = 255
• 8.5.1 The planned facilities = 256
• 8.5.2 Preparing experiments = 256
• 8.5.3 Operating experiments = 256
• 8.5.4 Data and results = 257
• References = 257
• 9 Microgravity two-phase flow and heat transfer / A. A. M. DELIL = 263
• 9.1 Background = 263
• 9.2 Two-phase flow and heat transfer = 268
• 9.3 Thermal-gravitational modelling and scaling = 271
• 9.3.1 Similarity considerations and dimension analysis = 273
• 9.3.2 Quantitative examples = 277
• 9.4 Modelling and experiments = 279
• 9.4.1 Modelling equations = 280
• 9.4.2 Results for adiabatic flow = 282
• 9.4.3 Condensation lengths = 282
• 9.5 Flow pattern mapping issues = 285
• Nomenclature = 288
• References = 290
• 10 Transient and sloshing motions in an unsupported container / J. P. B. VREEBURG ; A. E. P. VELDMAN = 293
• 10.1 Introduction = 293
• 10.2 Discussion of some qualitative features of the dynamics = 294
• 10.3 Liquid motion = 294
• 10.3.1 Formulation = 294
• 10.3.2 Representations of the velocity field = 296
• 10.3.3 Simplifications and limiting cases = 297
• 10.3.4 Damping = 299
• 10.4 Motion of the combined liquid-solid system = 299
• 10.4.1 The solid container = 299
• 10.4.2 The combined liquid-solid system = 300
• 10.4.3 Dynamic stability model = 301
• 10.5 Compendium of flow models = 301
• 10.5.1 Small liquid displacement = 301
• 10.5.2 Large free-surface motion = 305
• 10.6 Numerical aspects of liquid-solid coupling = 307
• 10.6.1 Numerical instability = 307
• 10.6.2 Stable numerical coupling = 308
• 10.7 Experimental investigations = 309
• 10.8 Sloshsat FLEVO = 311
• 10.8.1 The Sloshsat motion simulator SMS = 311
• 10.8.2 The slug model in SMS = 313
• 10.9 Conclusions = 315
• Acknowledgements = 315
• Nomenclature = 315
• References = 316
• 11 Pool boiling and bubble dynamics in microgravity / JOHANNES STRAUB = 322
• 11.1 Introduction and application = 322
• 11.2 Boiling heat transfer = 324
• 11.2.1 Newton's law of heat transfer = 324
• 11.2.2 Description of boiling regimes = 324
• 11.2.3 Influence of gravity on heat transfer correlation = 327
• 11.3 Experiments in microgravity = 329
• 11.3.1 Facilities = 329
• 11.3.2 Experiment container fro boiling = 329
• 11.4 Results of heat transfer = 332
• 11.4.1 Saturated nucleate boiling = 332
• 11.4.2 Subcooled nucleate boiling = 337
• 11.4.3 Critical heat flux = 338
• 11.4.4 Film boiling = 340
• 11.4.5 Conclusions from nucleate boiling = 343
• 11.5 Bubble growth model = 343
• 11.6 Bubble dynamics - experimental observations = 350
• 11.6.1 Analytical bubble growth = 350
• 11.6.2 Bubble detachment = 352
• 11.6.3 Bubble growth till ripensess = 353
• 11.6.4 Lateral and vertical bubble coalescence = 354
• 11.6.5 Vapour transport by perpendicular bubble coalescence = 355
• 11.7 Subcooled boiling = 358
• 11.7.1 Observations = 358
• 11.7.2 Origin of thermocapillary convection = 359
• 11.7.3 Various modes of subcooled boiling = 363
• 11.8 Conclusions and future perspectives = 364
• Acknowledgements = 365
• Nomenclature = 365
• References = 367
• 12 Combustion phenomena at microgravity / PAUL D. RONNEY = 371
• 12.1 Introduction = 371
• 12.2 Comparison of time scales for premixed-gas combustion = 372
• 12.3 Premixed gas flames = 373
• 12.3.1 Flammability limits = 373
• 12.3.2 Stretched flames = 378
• 12.3.3 Flame balls = 381
• 12.3.4 Autoignition and 'cool flames' = 386
• 12.3.5 Turbulent premixed flames = 388
• 12.4 Gaseous non-premixed flames = 389
• 12.4.1 Stretched flames = 389
• 12.4.2 Laminar gas-jet flames = 390
• 12.4.3 Turbulent flames = 394
• 12.4.4 Soot formation processes = 395
• 12.5 Condensed-phase combustion = 399
• 12.5.1 Dorplet combustion = 399
• 12.5.2 Candle flames = 404
• 12.5.3 Flame spread over solid fuel beds = 406
• 12.5.4 Flame spread over liquid fuel pools = 413
• 12.6 Recommendations for future studies = 415
• 12.6.1 Reabsorption effects = 415
• 12.6.2 High pressure combustion = 418
• 12.6.3 Three-dimensional effects = 419
• 12.6.4 Gas-jet flames = 419
• 12.6.5 Quasi-steady spherical diffusion flames = 420
• 12.6.6 Catalytic combustion = 421
• 12.6.7 Chemical models = 421
• 12.7 Conclusions = 422
• Acknowledgements = 422
• Nomenclature = 423
• References = 424
• 13 Fluid flow and solute segregation in crystal growth from the melt / JEAN-PAUL GARANDET ; THIERRY DUFFAR = 432
• 13.1 Introduction = 432
• 13.2 Theoretical background = 434
• 13.2.1 Governing equations = 434
• 13.2.2 The solute boundary layer concept = 436
• 13.2.3 Macrosegregation = 439
• 13.2.4 Microsegragation = 442
• 13.2.5 The microgravity environment = 444
• 13.3 Survey of experiments = 448
• 13.3.1 Crystallization from a molten zone or a molten drop = 449
• 13.3.2 Bridgman configuration = 458
• 13.3.3 The Mephisto program = 466
• 13.3.4 Miscellaneous = 467
• 13.4 Current trends = 470
• 13.4.1 Magnetic fileds = 470
• 13.4.2 Baffles = 472
• 13.4.3 Dagnostics = 473
• 13.4.4 Miscellaneous = 476
• 13.5 Conclusions = 476
• Acknowledgements = 477
• Nomenclature = 477
• References = 478
• 14 Fluid flows and macromolecular crystal growth in microgravity / JOHN R. HELLIWELL ; EDWARD H. SNELL ; NAMOIE E. CHAYEN ; RUSSELL A. JUDGE ; TITUS J. BOGGON ; M. L. PUSEY = 489
• 14.1 Introduction = 489
• 14.2 Crystallization of biological molecules = 490
• 14.3 Crystallization methods in the laboratory = 490
• 14.4 Crystallization and microgravity = 492
• 14.4.1 Microeffects = 492
• 14.4.2 Macroeffects = 495
• 14.5 Crystallization in microgravity - practical aspects = 496
• 14.5.1 Methods available = 496
• 14.5.2 Experimental observations = 498
• 14.6 Crystallization in microgravity - theoretical studies = 503
• 14.7 Mimicking microgravity = 503
• 14.8 Evaluating the crystals = 504
• 14.9 Discussion and concluding remarks = 505
• Acknowledgements = 509
• References = 510
• 15 Fluid-dynamics experiment sensitivity to accelerations prevailing on microgravity platforms / RAFFAELE SAVINO ; RODOLFO MONTI = 515
• 15.1 Introduction = 515
• 15.2 Analysis of typical problems = 517
• 15.2.1 Relevant processes and field equations = 517
• 15.2.2 Parameters for the evaluation of the disturbances = 519
• 15.2.3 Effect of single-frequency periodic acceleration = 521
• 15.3 Quasi-steady accelerations = 527
• 15.3.1 Residual acceleration orthogonal to the density gradient = 527
• 15.3.2 Residual acceleration parallel to the density gradient = 529
• 15.3.3 Residual acceleration at different angles with the density gradient = 529
• 15.4 Periodic g-jitter = 531
• 15.4.1 Time-averaged field equations = 532
• 15.4.2 Multiple frequency excitation = 534
• 15.4.3 Influence of simultaneous residual-g and g-jitter = 536
• 15.5 Pulsed accelerations = 538
• 15.5.1 Single pulses : G-dose model = 538
• 15.5.2 Multiple pulses = 543
• 15.5.3 Tolerability criteria for acceleration pulses = 544
• 15.6 The International space station as a microgravity platform = 548
• 15.6.1 Numerical simulations for a typical case study = 548
• 15.6.2 Orienting the experiment cell to take advantage of the residual-g = 551
• 15.6.3 On-ground simulation of microgravity experimentation = 554
• 15.7 Conclusions = 557
• Acknowledgements = 557
• Nomenclature and acronyms = 557
• References = 558
• 16 Facilities for microgravity fluid science research on-board ISS / RAIMONDO FORTEZZA = 560
• 16.1 Introduction = 560
• 16.2 The International Space Station = 562
• 16.2.1 Organization of the ISS = 562
• 16.2.2 Characteristics of the ISS = 562
• 16.3 Elements of the ISS = 564
• 16.3.1 The pressurized modules = 568
• 16.3.2 Columbus Orbital Facility(COF) = 570
• 16.3.3 JEM = 572
• 16.4 Fluid science facilities = 573
• 16.4.1 Introduction to fluid science facilities = 573
• 16.4.2 Fluids and Combusion Facility(FCF) - NASA = 574
• 16.4.3 Fluid Science Lab(FSL) - ESA = 580
• 16.4.4 Fluid Physics Experiment Facility(FPEF) - NASDA = 584
• 16.4.5 Other possibilities of experimentation on the ISS = 585
• 16.5 Diagnostics for fluid science = 585
• 16.5.1 Introduction to diagnostic techniques = 585
• 16.5.2 Interferometry = 587
• 16.5.3 Infrared measurement = 592
• 16.6 ISS ground infrastructure = 593
• 16.6.1 The control and payload centres = 593
• 16.6.2 The User Support and Operation Centres(USOCs) = 594
• Glossary = 598
• References = 600
• Web Pages = 600
• Appendix A : ISS assembly sequence = 601
• Appendix B : Flight controller positions and their call signs in the International Space Station = 602
• Index = 605