Development of a Smartphone-based Pupillometer

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In ophthalmology, a pupillometer, a device to measure the diameter of the pupil of the eye, can provide information on the function of the autonomic nervous system. The current pupillometers on the market are either too large to be a handheld instrument, or relatively expensive. In this study, a pupillometer based on a smartphone was designed. Both white and infrared LEDs and a 3M pixel camera of a smartphone were applied for the visual stimuli to an eye and for the acquisition of the eye images,respectively. Contrary to the existing method of pupil measurement that usually observe the variation of pupil diameter, the proposed algorithm in this study was applied to calculate the constriction ratio of the pupillary area in response to pupillary light reflex. The results showed that the constriction ratio of the pupillary area were all in the normal range (above 4.0) from the sixteen healthy participants. It is believed that the approach to pupil measurement used in this study is suitable for a mobile interface, and this system can be applied to clinical research, home-use healthcare, and distributed to some areas which suffer from problems like a lack of medical support.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 고병욱, "한국인의 연령 및 조도에 따른 동공크기에 대한 연구" 대한안과학회 52 (52): 401-406, 2011

2 E. Granholm, "Tropicamide effects on pupil size and pupillary light reflexes in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease" 47 : 95-115, 2003

3 E. Granholm, "Tropicamide effects on pupil size and pupillary light reflexes in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease" 47 : 95-115, 2003

4 H. J. Wyatt, "The form of the human pupil" 35 : 2021-2036, 1995

5 E. M. Schnitzler, "Scotopic measurement of normal pupils - colvard versus video vision analyzer infrared pupillometer" 26 : 859-866, 2000

6 S. F. Pilley, "Pupillary “dilatation lag” in Horner’s syndrome" 59 : 731-735, 1975

7 T. Sugiyama, "Pupillary dynamics in Parkinson’s disease" 10 : 1-7, 1990

8 K. Karavanaki, "Pupil size in diabetes" 71 : 511-515, 1994

9 D. Pittasch, "Pupil signs of sympathetic autonomic neuropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes" 25 : 1545-1550, 2002

10 O. Bergamin, "Pupil light reflex in normal and diseased eyes: diagnosis of visual dysfunction using waveform partitioning" 110 : 106-114, 2003

11 A. D. Santis, "Optimal segmentation of pupillometric images for estimating pupil shape parameters" 84 : 174-187, 2006

12 J. L. Barbur, "Learning from the pupil - studies of basic mechanisms and clinical applications" 1 : 641-656, 2004

13 A. Jeffrey, "Handbook of Mathematical Formulas and Integrals" Academic Press 1995

14 M. M. Lavezzo, "Evaluation of pupillary diameter in preschool children" 33 : 313-317, 2009

15 M. D. Twa, "Estimation of pupil size by digital photography" 30 : 381-389, 2004

16 M. Pop, "Comparison of the pupil card and pupillometer in measuring pupil size" 28 : 283-288, 2002

17 H. Wilhelm, "Clinical applications of pupillography" 23 : 42-49, 2003

18 R. Spector, "Clinical Methods, 3rd ed" Butterworths 1990

19 J. Martineau, "Can pupil size and pupil responses during visual scanning contribute to the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder in children?" 45 : 1077-1082, 2011

20 M. F. Pasha, "An android-based mobile medical image viewer and collaborative annotation: development issues and challenges" 6 : 208-217, 2012

21 P. Francus, "An algorithm to aid varve counting and measurement from thin-sections" 28 : 283-286, 2002

22 R. Prettyman, "Altered pupil size and darkness and light reflexes in Alzheimer’s disease" 62 : 665-668, 1997

23 B. S. B. Wachler, "Agreement and repeatability of infrared pupillometry and comparison method" 106 : 319-323, 1999

24 X. Fan, "Abnormal transient pupillary light reflex in individuals with autism spectrum disorders" 39 : 1499-1508, 2009

25 X. He, "A new segmentation approach for iris recognition based on hand-held capture device" 40 : 1326-1333, 2007

26 C. Doukas, "A fast mobile face recognition system for android OS based on Eigenfaces decomposition" 339 : 295-302, 2010

27 A. Koschan, "A comparison of median filter techniques for noise removal in color images" 69-79, 2001