Does advertising increase smoking? : Economics, free speech and advertising bans

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Foreword / Colin Robinson = 9
• The Author = 11
• Acknowledgements = 12
• 1. Introduction = 13
• 2. The Legality of Restrictions on Advertising = 14
• The Legal Status of 'Free Speech' in Commercial Advertising = 15
• 3. Preliminary Observations on Advertising = 18
• The Nature of Advertising in 'Mature' Product Markets = 20
• 4. Review of Major International Studies of the Advertising-Consumption Relationship = 23
• The 1989 Report of the New Zealand Toxic Substances Board - The 'TSB' Study = 23
• The Laugesen and Meads (1991) Study = 27
• The British Health Department Study (the 'Smee Report') = 29
• Stewart's Studies of Tobacco Consumption and Advertising in OEOD Countries = 37
• Conclusions on Cross-Sectional Studies of Advertising Restrictions and Tobacco Consumption = 38
• 5. Time-Series Studies of Advertising and Tobacco Consumption = 39
• Trends in Smoking in Scandinavia = 40
• ⅰ) Norway = 40
• ⅱ) Finland = 42
• ⅲ) Sweden = 43
• Trends in Smoking in the United Kingdom = 43
• ⅰ) McGuiness and Cowling = 44
• ⅱ) The Metra Study = 45
• ⅲ) Radfar = 47
• ⅳ) Witt and Pass = 48
• ⅴ) Godfrey = 49
• ⅵ) Duffy = 49
• ⅶ) Henley Marketing Dynamics and The Smee Report = 51
• ⅷ) A Summary of the 'UK' Studies／Findings = 52
• Trends in Tobacco Consumption in the United States = 53
• ⅰ) Introduction = 53
• ⅱ) The Schmalensee Study = 53
• ⅲ) The 1972 Hamilton Study = 54
• ⅳ) The Baltagi and Levin Study = 55
• ⅴ) Bishop and Yoo = 56
• ⅵ) Fujii = 57
• ⅶ) The Wilcox and Vacker Study = 57
• ⅷ) The Franke Study = 58
• ⅸ) Hu, Sung and Keeler = 58
• ⅹ) Summary of the US Studies = 59
• Trends in Other Countries = 59
• ⅰ) Australia = 59
• ⅱ) Germany = 60
• ⅲ) Greece = 61
• ⅳ) New Zealand - Chetwynd et al. = 62
• ⅴ) South Korea = 63
• ⅵ) Spain = 63
• ⅶ) South Africa = 64
• ⅷ) Summary of 'Other' Country Studies = 69
• 6. Children and Advertising = 71
• Introduction = 71
• The Influence of Peers and Family = 72
• Studies of the Influence of Family and Friends on Youth Smoking = 76
• 1) Cross Country Research by the World Health Organisation = 76
• 2) The Scandinavian Experience = 77
• 3) US Evidence = 79
• Advertising Awareness and the Alleged Inducement to Smoke = 80
• 1) The Institute of Medicine Report = 81
• 2) The US Surgeon General's Report of 1994 = 82
• 3) The FDA = 82
• The Alleged Effect of Advertising on Youth Brand Choice = 86
• 1) The Center for Disease Control (CDC) Study = 86
• 2) The Goldstein Study = 87
• 3) The Joe Camel Advertisements = 87
• On the Effectiveness of 'Promotional' Advertising - the Advertising of Tobacco at Sporting Events = 88
• 1) The Legality of Advertising／Trademark Restrictions = 88
• 2) Slade's Work = 90
• 3) The 'Gray' Memorandum = 90
• 4) Aitken's 1986 Study = 90
• 5) The Hoek Study = 91
• 6) Charlton et al. = 92
• 7. The State of Law Regarding Advertising of Tobacco in the European Community = 95
• (1) Introduction = 95
• (2) The Legislative History of the Directive = 95
• (3) Legality of the Directive on Tobacco Advertising = 98
• (4) Implications of the Directive for the Federal Principles of the European Union = 111
• 8. Conclusion Regarding the Influence of Advertising on the Consumption of Tobacco Products = 117